Load Specifications
Load data in caliber .300 H&H Mag. with .308 | 135gr | Atomic 29 FNHP bullet and 93 powders. The key underlying parameters are shown in the table above. The recommended powders for this cartridge and bullet combination are Alliant Power Pro 2000-MR, ReloadSwiss RS 60 and Alliant Reloder-17.
Important Notice: DO NOT go below Minimum Charge or above Maximum Charge. Since we have no control over the equipment and components used, any responsibility and liability for the results achieved is rejected.
Only powders/loads that match the current filter criteria are displayed: max pressure of a load ≤ 90% of max. standardized pressure, fill rate ≥ 80% and propellant combustion ≥ 95%. Use the sliders above the tables to adjust these thresholds.
Charge: Powder weight in grains. Start with the minimum load and work up carefully.
FR (Fill Rate): Case fill as a percentage. Values above 100% mean compressed loads.
MaxP / %: Maximum chamber pressure in bar and as a percentage of the standardized maximum for this caliber.
V(0): Muzzle velocity in feet per second (fps) at the standardized barrel length.
z (Powder Burn): Estimated propellant combustion percentage at bullet exit.
A valid access license is required to use the Personalized Load Calculator.
You can find more information in our FAQ: How can I use the Personalized Load Calculator?
Max Load - Barrel Length: 24"
| Powder | Charge | FR | MaxP | % | V(0) | z |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Accurate 2015 | <<locked>> | 84% | 54,781 psi | 88% | 3087 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2495 | <<locked>> | 88% | 53,388 psi | 86% | 3104 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2520 | <<locked>> | 84% | 55,564 psi | 89% | 3176 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 4064 | <<locked>> | 90% | 53,461 psi | 86% | 3150 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 4350 | <<locked>> | 98% | 53,925 psi | 86% | 3228 fps | 98.9% |
| ADI AR 2206H | <<locked>> | 86% | 54,215 psi | 87% | 3186 fps | 99.6% |
| ADI AR 2208 | <<locked>> | 92% | 55,376 psi | 89% | 3182 fps | 99.4% |
| ADI Benchmark 8208 | <<locked>> | 84% | 53,200 psi | 85% | 3136 fps | 99.9% |
| Alliant AR-Comp | <<locked>> | 84% | 53,969 psi | 87% | 3120 fps | 100% |
| Alliant Power Pro 2000-MR | <<locked>> | 88% | 54,157 psi | 87% | 3307 fps | 99.3% |
| Alliant Reloder- TS 15.5 | <<locked>> | 92% | 55,361 psi | 89% | 3209 fps | 99.9% |
| Alliant Reloder-15 | <<locked>> | 90% | 56,101 psi | 90% | 3232 fps | 99.5% |
| Alliant Reloder-16ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 55,216 psi | 89% | 3294 fps | 99.4% |
| Alliant Reloder-17 | <<locked>> | 94% | 52,924 psi | 85% | 3274 fps | 99.9% |
| Alliant Reloder-23ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 39,247 psi | 63% | 2976 fps | 97.5% |
| Alliant Reloder-26ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 44,382 psi | 71% | 3153 fps | 96.8% |
| Baschieri & Pellagri 107 | <<locked>> | 86% | 54,230 psi | 87% | 3192 fps | 99% |
| Bofors RP3 | <<locked>> | 92% | 56,159 psi | 90% | 3225 fps | 100% |
| Bofors RP7 | <<locked>> | 96% | 56,275 psi | 90% | 3186 fps | 96.4% |
| Hodgdon Benchmark | <<locked>> | 84% | 54,998 psi | 88% | 3123 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon BL-C2 | <<locked>> | 84% | 52,692 psi | 84% | 3159 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon CFE223 | <<locked>> | 82% | 54,592 psi | 88% | 3268 fps | 99.4% |
| Hodgdon H380 | <<locked>> | 90% | 53,447 psi | 86% | 3173 fps | 98.4% |
| Hodgdon H414 | <<locked>> | 96% | 53,200 psi | 85% | 3219 fps | 96.5% |
| Hodgdon H4895 | <<locked>> | 86% | 54,810 psi | 88% | 3196 fps | 99.8% |
| Hodgdon Hybrid 100Vᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 51,372 psi | 82% | 3156 fps | 99.6% |
| Hodgdon LEVERevolution | <<locked>> | 88% | 54,549 psi | 87% | 3232 fps | 99.9% |
| Hodgdon Superformance | <<locked>> | 96% | 54,157 psi | 87% | 3258 fps | 96.2% |
| Hodgdon TrailBossᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 35,273 psi | 57% | 2001 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon VARGET | <<locked>> | 88% | 56,289 psi | 90% | 3202 fps | 99.9% |
| IMR 3031 | <<locked>> | 86% | 54,868 psi | 88% | 3189 fps | 100% |
| IMR 4064 | <<locked>> | 90% | 54,853 psi | 88% | 3166 fps | 99.4% |
| IMR 4166 Enduron | <<locked>> | 88% | 54,824 psi | 88% | 3140 fps | 96.7% |
| IMR 4350 | <<locked>> | 98% | 53,301 psi | 85% | 3153 fps | 95.8% |
| IMR 4451 Enduron | <<locked>> | 94% | 54,810 psi | 88% | 3166 fps | 96.6% |
| IMR 4831ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 54,636 psi | 88% | 3222 fps | 99.1% |
| IMR 4895 | <<locked>> | 88% | 53,853 psi | 86% | 3209 fps | 99.6% |
| IMR 8208 XBR | <<locked>> | 84% | 53,200 psi | 85% | 3136 fps | 99.9% |
| Lovex D073.6 | <<locked>> | 86% | 53,809 psi | 86% | 3156 fps | 100% |
| Lovex S060 | <<locked>> | 86% | 53,882 psi | 86% | 3110 fps | 99.6% |
| Lovex S062 | <<locked>> | 90% | 54,679 psi | 88% | 3166 fps | 100% |
| Lovex S065 | <<locked>> | 96% | 54,114 psi | 87% | 3156 fps | 97.9% |
| Lovex S070 | <<locked>> | 98% | 55,042 psi | 88% | 3189 fps | 97% |
| Norma 201 | <<locked>> | 88% | 56,376 psi | 90% | 3182 fps | 100% |
| Norma 202 | <<locked>> | 86% | 53,563 psi | 86% | 3133 fps | 100% |
| Norma 203B | <<locked>> | 90% | 55,288 psi | 89% | 3219 fps | 99.7% |
| Norma URP | <<locked>> | 98% | 53,069 psi | 85% | 3215 fps | 98.7% |
| Ramshot Big Game | <<locked>> | 90% | 56,159 psi | 90% | 3245 fps | 99.7% |
| Ramshot Hunterᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 55,825 psi | 90% | 3271 fps | 97.9% |
| Ramshot TAC | <<locked>> | 84% | 53,679 psi | 86% | 3143 fps | 97.9% |
| Ramshot Wild Boar | <<locked>> | 84% | 53,316 psi | 85% | 3169 fps | 99.5% |
| Ramshot X-Terminator | <<locked>> | 82% | 54,027 psi | 87% | 3130 fps | 99.5% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 14ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 35,708 psi | 57% | 2051 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 40 | <<locked>> | 82% | 56,043 psi | 90% | 3169 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 50 | <<locked>> | 90% | 53,766 psi | 86% | 3150 fps | 97.1% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 52 | <<locked>> | 86% | 52,881 psi | 85% | 3238 fps | 99.2% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 60 | <<locked>> | 92% | 52,765 psi | 85% | 3284 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 62 | <<locked>> | 98% | 53,766 psi | 86% | 3248 fps | 98.7% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 70 | <<locked>> | 98% | 53,577 psi | 86% | 3278 fps | 98.5% |
| Rottweil R 901 | <<locked>> | 84% | 53,476 psi | 86% | 3114 fps | 100% |
| Rottweil R 902 | <<locked>> | 88% | 53,447 psi | 86% | 3127 fps | 99.9% |
| Rottweil R 903 | <<locked>> | 94% | 55,999 psi | 90% | 3215 fps | 99.9% |
| Rottweil R 907 | <<locked>> | 96% | 56,275 psi | 90% | 3186 fps | 96.4% |
| Shooters World Long Rifle | <<locked>> | 96% | 54,114 psi | 87% | 3156 fps | 97.9% |
| Shooters World Match Rifle | <<locked>> | 86% | 53,809 psi | 86% | 3156 fps | 100% |
| Shooters World Precision | <<locked>> | 90% | 54,679 psi | 88% | 3166 fps | 100% |
| Shooters World SW4350 | <<locked>> | 98% | 55,042 psi | 88% | 3189 fps | 97% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 11 | <<locked>> | 92% | 54,433 psi | 87% | 3225 fps | 99.6% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 7 | <<locked>> | 86% | 55,608 psi | 89% | 3179 fps | 98.7% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 9 | <<locked>> | 88% | 56,405 psi | 90% | 3212 fps | 99.7% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 3000 | <<locked>> | 86% | 54,534 psi | 87% | 3074 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 5000 | <<locked>> | 92% | 54,752 psi | 88% | 3068 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 7000 | <<locked>> | 96% | 54,491 psi | 87% | 3104 fps | 96.6% |
| Somchem S321 | <<locked>> | 82% | 54,549 psi | 87% | 3166 fps | 100% |
| Somchem S335 | <<locked>> | 86% | 53,751 psi | 86% | 3068 fps | 100% |
| Somchem S341 | <<locked>> | 86% | 55,259 psi | 89% | 3173 fps | 99.6% |
| Somchem S355 | <<locked>> | 94% | 56,159 psi | 90% | 3212 fps | 99.9% |
| Somchem S365ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 50,952 psi | 82% | 3215 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N130 | <<locked>> | 82% | 54,172 psi | 87% | 3038 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N133 | <<locked>> | 86% | 54,868 psi | 88% | 3061 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N135 | <<locked>> | 88% | 53,243 psi | 85% | 3097 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N140 | <<locked>> | 88% | 54,201 psi | 87% | 3110 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N150 | <<locked>> | 94% | 54,375 psi | 87% | 3136 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N160 | <<locked>> | 98% | 55,738 psi | 89% | 3219 fps | 99% |
| Vihtavuori N530 | <<locked>> | 84% | 53,693 psi | 86% | 3133 fps | 99.9% |
| Vihtavuori N540 | <<locked>> | 90% | 55,912 psi | 90% | 3156 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N550 | <<locked>> | 98% | 54,592 psi | 88% | 3215 fps | 98.8% |
| Vihtavuori N555ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 43,149 psi | 69% | 3068 fps | 97.5% |
| Winchester 6.5 StaBALL | <<locked>> | 98% | 56,391 psi | 90% | 3196 fps | 100% |
| Winchester 748 | <<locked>> | 84% | 53,664 psi | 86% | 3182 fps | 100% |
| Winchester 760 | <<locked>> | 96% | 53,490 psi | 86% | 3225 fps | 96.6% |
| Winchester StaBALL HDᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 35,215 psi | 56% | 2956 fps | 96.9% |
| Winchester StaBALL Match | <<locked>> | 88% | 56,362 psi | 90% | 3219 fps | 99.9% |
Recommended = one of the top powders for this cartridge and bullet combination.
Start Load - Barrel Length: 24"
| Powder | Charge | FR | MaxP | % | V(0) | z |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Accurate 2015 | <<locked>> | 80% | 48,283 psi | 77% | 2982 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2495 | <<locked>> | 80% | 40,640 psi | 65% | 2881 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2520 | <<locked>> | 80% | 48,269 psi | 77% | 3054 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 4064 | <<locked>> | 80% | 38,421 psi | 62% | 2864 fps | 99.7% |
| Accurate 4350 | <<locked>> | 88% | 37,565 psi | 60% | 2897 fps | 95% |
| ADI AR 2206H | <<locked>> | 80% | 44,701 psi | 72% | 3002 fps | 98.3% |
| ADI AR 2208 | <<locked>> | 80% | 37,826 psi | 61% | 2825 fps | 95.8% |
| ADI Benchmark 8208 | <<locked>> | 80% | 46,818 psi | 75% | 3018 fps | 99.4% |
| Alliant AR-Comp | <<locked>> | 80% | 47,195 psi | 76% | 3012 fps | 100% |
| Alliant Power Pro 2000-MR | 62.9 gr | 80% | 40,683 psi | 65% | 3018 fps | 96.4% |
| Alliant Reloder- TS 15.5 | <<locked>> | 80% | 37,449 psi | 60% | 2848 fps | 97.4% |
| Alliant Reloder-15 | <<locked>> | 80% | 40,335 psi | 65% | 2920 fps | 96.7% |
| Alliant Reloder-16 | <<locked>> | 88% | 37,579 psi | 60% | 2913 fps | 95.1% |
| Alliant Reloder-17 | 63.5 gr | 82% | 34,708 psi | 56% | 2861 fps | 95.9% |
| Alliant Reloder-23 | <<locked>> | 96% | 34,621 psi | 56% | 2851 fps | 95.7% |
| Alliant Reloder-26 | <<locked>> | 98% | 41,147 psi | 66% | 3074 fps | 95.6% |
| Baschieri & Pellagri 107 | <<locked>> | 80% | 44,164 psi | 71% | 3002 fps | 97.2% |
| Bofors RP3 | <<locked>> | 80% | 36,999 psi | 59% | 2844 fps | 97.3% |
| Bofors RP7 | <<locked>> | 94% | 52,678 psi | 84% | 3123 fps | 95.6% |
| Hodgdon Benchmark | <<locked>> | 80% | 48,530 psi | 78% | 3012 fps | 99.8% |
| Hodgdon BL-C2 | <<locked>> | 80% | 45,658 psi | 73% | 3031 fps | 99.6% |
| Hodgdon CFE223 | <<locked>> | 80% | 50,792 psi | 81% | 3199 fps | 98.9% |
| Hodgdon H380 | <<locked>> | 82% | 40,727 psi | 65% | 2917 fps | 95.5% |
| Hodgdon H414 | <<locked>> | 94% | 49,748 psi | 80% | 3153 fps | 95.7% |
| Hodgdon H4895 | <<locked>> | 80% | 45,107 psi | 72% | 3015 fps | 98.8% |
| Hodgdon Hybrid 100V | <<locked>> | 88% | 34,505 psi | 55% | 2795 fps | 95.9% |
| Hodgdon LEVERevolution | <<locked>> | 80% | 41,176 psi | 66% | 2972 fps | 98.4% |
| Hodgdon Superformance | <<locked>> | 94% | 50,372 psi | 81% | 3182 fps | 95.2% |
| Hodgdon TrailBoss | <<locked>> | 80% | 26,136 psi | 42% | 1791 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon VARGET | <<locked>> | 80% | 43,337 psi | 69% | 2963 fps | 98.4% |
| IMR 3031 | <<locked>> | 80% | 44,788 psi | 72% | 3018 fps | 100% |
| IMR 4064 | <<locked>> | 80% | 39,697 psi | 64% | 2864 fps | 96.7% |
| IMR 4166 Enduron | <<locked>> | 84% | 48,167 psi | 77% | 3015 fps | 95.1% |
| IMR 4350 | <<locked>> | 96% | 49,879 psi | 80% | 3091 fps | 95% |
| IMR 4451 Enduron | <<locked>> | 90% | 48,370 psi | 78% | 3045 fps | 95.1% |
| IMR 4831 | <<locked>> | 90% | 38,812 psi | 62% | 2907 fps | 95.6% |
| IMR 4895 | <<locked>> | 80% | 41,350 psi | 66% | 2956 fps | 97.6% |
| IMR 8208 XBR | <<locked>> | 80% | 46,818 psi | 75% | 3018 fps | 99.4% |
| Lovex D073.6 | <<locked>> | 80% | 43,787 psi | 70% | 2979 fps | 99.8% |
| Lovex S060 | <<locked>> | 80% | 44,715 psi | 72% | 2940 fps | 98.4% |
| Lovex S062 | <<locked>> | 80% | 39,624 psi | 64% | 2874 fps | 98.3% |
| Lovex S065 | <<locked>> | 90% | 44,643 psi | 72% | 2976 fps | 95.7% |
| Lovex S070 | <<locked>> | 94% | 48,443 psi | 78% | 3068 fps | 95.5% |
| Norma 201 | <<locked>> | 80% | 43,540 psi | 70% | 2949 fps | 99% |
| Norma 202 | <<locked>> | 80% | 43,961 psi | 70% | 2963 fps | 100% |
| Norma 203B | <<locked>> | 80% | 39,726 psi | 64% | 2910 fps | 97.1% |
| Norma URP | <<locked>> | 88% | 37,869 psi | 61% | 2900 fps | 95% |
| Ramshot Big Game | <<locked>> | 80% | 39,349 psi | 63% | 2917 fps | 96.8% |
| Ramshot Hunter | <<locked>> | 94% | 45,455 psi | 73% | 3074 fps | 95.5% |
| Ramshot TAC | <<locked>> | 80% | 46,847 psi | 75% | 3015 fps | 96.5% |
| Ramshot Wild Boar | <<locked>> | 80% | 46,354 psi | 74% | 3038 fps | 98.6% |
| Ramshot X-Terminator | <<locked>> | 80% | 50,734 psi | 81% | 3074 fps | 99.2% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 14 | <<locked>> | 80% | 26,426 psi | 42% | 1834 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 40 | <<locked>> | 80% | 52,475 psi | 84% | 3114 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 50 | <<locked>> | 86% | 47,210 psi | 76% | 3028 fps | 95.6% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 52 | <<locked>> | 80% | 42,612 psi | 68% | 3035 fps | 97.3% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 60 | 62 gr | 80% | 34,592 psi | 55% | 2874 fps | 98.3% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 62 | <<locked>> | 90% | 40,234 psi | 65% | 2979 fps | 95.5% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 70 | <<locked>> | 92% | 43,352 psi | 70% | 3064 fps | 95.8% |
| Rottweil R 901 | <<locked>> | 80% | 47,268 psi | 76% | 3002 fps | 100% |
| Rottweil R 902 | <<locked>> | 80% | 41,452 psi | 66% | 2894 fps | 98.7% |
| Rottweil R 903 | <<locked>> | 80% | 34,664 psi | 56% | 2779 fps | 96.2% |
| Rottweil R 907 | <<locked>> | 94% | 52,678 psi | 84% | 3123 fps | 95.6% |
| Shooters World Long Rifle | <<locked>> | 90% | 44,643 psi | 72% | 2976 fps | 95.7% |
| Shooters World Match Rifle | <<locked>> | 80% | 43,787 psi | 70% | 2979 fps | 99.8% |
| Shooters World Precision | <<locked>> | 80% | 39,624 psi | 64% | 2874 fps | 98.3% |
| Shooters World SW4350 | <<locked>> | 94% | 48,443 psi | 78% | 3068 fps | 95.5% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 11 | <<locked>> | 80% | 35,955 psi | 58% | 2838 fps | 95.7% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 7 | <<locked>> | 80% | 45,078 psi | 72% | 2986 fps | 96.6% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 9 | <<locked>> | 80% | 43,221 psi | 69% | 2966 fps | 98% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 3000 | <<locked>> | 80% | 45,049 psi | 72% | 2910 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 5000 | <<locked>> | 80% | 37,420 psi | 60% | 2753 fps | 99.9% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 7000 | <<locked>> | 92% | 47,587 psi | 76% | 2982 fps | 95% |
| Somchem S321 | <<locked>> | 80% | 50,865 psi | 82% | 3104 fps | 99.9% |
| Somchem S335 | <<locked>> | 80% | 44,599 psi | 72% | 2907 fps | 100% |
| Somchem S341 | <<locked>> | 80% | 44,947 psi | 72% | 2986 fps | 98.3% |
| Somchem S355 | <<locked>> | 80% | 35,636 psi | 57% | 2792 fps | 96.4% |
| Somchem S365 | <<locked>> | 84% | 29,443 psi | 47% | 2707 fps | 95.1% |
| Vihtavuori N130 | <<locked>> | 80% | 50,894 psi | 82% | 2986 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N133 | <<locked>> | 80% | 45,440 psi | 73% | 2910 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N135 | <<locked>> | 80% | 40,988 psi | 66% | 2887 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N140 | <<locked>> | 80% | 41,597 psi | 67% | 2890 fps | 99.9% |
| Vihtavuori N150 | <<locked>> | 80% | 33,866 psi | 54% | 2723 fps | 97.3% |
| Vihtavuori N160 | <<locked>> | 88% | 39,682 psi | 64% | 2907 fps | 95.6% |
| Vihtavuori N530 | <<locked>> | 80% | 46,862 psi | 75% | 3012 fps | 99.5% |
| Vihtavuori N540 | <<locked>> | 80% | 40,234 psi | 65% | 2874 fps | 99.7% |
| Vihtavuori N550 | <<locked>> | 88% | 39,030 psi | 63% | 2904 fps | 95.1% |
| Vihtavuori N555 | <<locked>> | 96% | 37,521 psi | 60% | 2936 fps | 95.8% |
| Winchester 6.5 StaBALL | <<locked>> | 82% | 32,387 psi | 52% | 2694 fps | 95.2% |
| Winchester 748 | <<locked>> | 80% | 46,644 psi | 75% | 3058 fps | 99.8% |
| Winchester 760 | <<locked>> | 94% | 49,966 psi | 80% | 3159 fps | 95.7% |
| Winchester StaBALL HD | <<locked>> | 98% | 32,793 psi | 53% | 2871 fps | 95.3% |
| Winchester StaBALL Match | <<locked>> | 80% | 42,786 psi | 69% | 2969 fps | 98.4% |
Recommended = one of the top powders for this cartridge and bullet combination.
ᴾ possible press load - work up slowly to this load while watching for signs of excessive pressure.
This overview compares 93 powders for .300 H&H Mag. loaded with the .308 | 135gr | Atomic 29 FNHP. Alliant Power Pro 2000-MR delivers the highest muzzle velocity at 3,307 fps; across all powders the maximum-charge window runs from 2,001 fps to 3,307 fps. Alliant Reloder-16 gives the best case fill at 100 %, and 93 of the 93 powders fall inside the usable 80–100 % fill window.
Relative to the caliber's maximum pressure (430 MPa), the top charges use 56–90 %, leaving at least 10 % headroom. The 135.0 gr projectile in 0.308" calls for a 1:15.5 twist; slower twists will usually not stabilise this weight. Alliant Reloder-16, Alliant Reloder-23, Alliant Reloder-26 reach 100 % fill or more at maximum charge, so these are compressed loads: they need a long drop tube to seat cleanly and react sensitively to the case capacity of your own brass lot. Alliant Power Pro 2000-MR, ReloadSwiss RS 60, Alliant Reloder-17 rank at the top here: for .300 H&H Mag. with the .308 | 135gr | Atomic 29 FNHP they combine a high case fill with complete burn and sit in the upper velocity band. Always begin at the start load and work up in small increments while checking case and primer for pressure signs.