Load Specifications
Load data in caliber 8.5 x 63 with .338 | 210gr | Nosler Partition bullet and 93 powders. The key underlying parameters are shown in the table above. The recommended powders for this cartridge and bullet combination are Alliant Power Pro 2000-MR, ReloadSwiss RS 52 and ReloadSwiss RS 60.
Important Notice: DO NOT go below Minimum Charge or above Maximum Charge. Since we have no control over the equipment and components used, any responsibility and liability for the results achieved is rejected.
Only powders/loads that match the current filter criteria are displayed: max pressure of a load ≤ 90% of max. standardized pressure, fill rate ≥ 80% and propellant combustion ≥ 95%. Use the sliders above the tables to adjust these thresholds.
Charge: Powder weight in grains. Start with the minimum load and work up carefully.
FR (Fill Rate): Case fill as a percentage. Values above 100% mean compressed loads.
MaxP / %: Maximum chamber pressure in bar and as a percentage of the standardized maximum for this caliber.
V(0): Muzzle velocity in feet per second (fps) at the standardized barrel length.
z (Powder Burn): Estimated propellant combustion percentage at bullet exit.
A valid access license is required to use the Personalized Load Calculator.
You can find more information in our FAQ: How can I use the Personalized Load Calculator?
Max Load - Barrel Length: 23.62"
| Powder | Charge | FR | MaxP | % | V(0) | z |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Accurate 2015 | <<locked>> | 88% | 53,737 psi | 86% | 2562 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2460 | <<locked>> | 86% | 55,521 psi | 89% | 2631 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2495 | <<locked>> | 94% | 54,302 psi | 87% | 2618 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2520 | <<locked>> | 88% | 53,374 psi | 86% | 2638 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 4064 | <<locked>> | 96% | 53,969 psi | 87% | 2657 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 4350ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 46,021 psi | 74% | 2608 fps | 97.4% |
| Accurate LT-30 | <<locked>> | 82% | 53,359 psi | 86% | 2510 fps | 100% |
| Accurate LT-32 | <<locked>> | 82% | 53,751 psi | 86% | 2533 fps | 100% |
| ADI AR 2206H | <<locked>> | 92% | 56,101 psi | 90% | 2694 fps | 99.6% |
| ADI AR 2208 | <<locked>> | 96% | 53,563 psi | 86% | 2641 fps | 99% |
| ADI AR 2219 | <<locked>> | 82% | 53,925 psi | 86% | 2621 fps | 100% |
| ADI Benchmark 8208 | <<locked>> | 90% | 55,463 psi | 89% | 2654 fps | 99.9% |
| Alliant AR-Comp | <<locked>> | 90% | 55,259 psi | 89% | 2635 fps | 100% |
| Alliant Power Pro 1200-R | <<locked>> | 84% | 53,403 psi | 86% | 2700 fps | 99.7% |
| Alliant Power Pro 2000-MR | <<locked>> | 94% | 55,361 psi | 89% | 2795 fps | 99.3% |
| Alliant Reloder- TS 15.5 | <<locked>> | 98% | 56,246 psi | 90% | 2710 fps | 99.9% |
| Alliant Reloder-10x | <<locked>> | 84% | 53,563 psi | 86% | 2569 fps | 100% |
| Alliant Reloder-15 | <<locked>> | 94% | 53,664 psi | 86% | 2680 fps | 99.2% |
| Alliant Reloder-16ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 46,180 psi | 74% | 2618 fps | 97.6% |
| Alliant Reloder-17ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 53,084 psi | 85% | 2762 fps | 99.7% |
| Baschieri & Pellagri 106 | <<locked>> | 84% | 55,956 psi | 90% | 2556 fps | 100% |
| Baschieri & Pellagri 107 | <<locked>> | 92% | 55,680 psi | 89% | 2707 fps | 99% |
| Bofors RP3 | <<locked>> | 96% | 52,910 psi | 85% | 2671 fps | 99.8% |
| Hodgdon Benchmark | <<locked>> | 88% | 54,157 psi | 87% | 2592 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon BL-C2 | <<locked>> | 90% | 54,056 psi | 87% | 2677 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon CFE223 | <<locked>> | 88% | 56,086 psi | 90% | 2772 fps | 99.4% |
| Hodgdon H322 | <<locked>> | 86% | 56,260 psi | 90% | 2654 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon H335 | <<locked>> | 84% | 53,563 psi | 86% | 2631 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon H380 | <<locked>> | 96% | 54,679 psi | 88% | 2684 fps | 98.4% |
| Hodgdon H4895 | <<locked>> | 90% | 53,258 psi | 85% | 2657 fps | 99.7% |
| Hodgdon Hybrid 100Vᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 42,308 psi | 68% | 2510 fps | 98.1% |
| Hodgdon LEVERevolution | <<locked>> | 94% | 55,013 psi | 88% | 2730 fps | 99.9% |
| Hodgdon TrailBossᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 34,722 psi | 56% | 1588 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon VARGET | <<locked>> | 92% | 54,549 psi | 87% | 2657 fps | 99.7% |
| IMR 3031 | <<locked>> | 92% | 55,854 psi | 90% | 2690 fps | 100% |
| IMR 4064 | <<locked>> | 94% | 53,055 psi | 85% | 2625 fps | 99.1% |
| IMR 4166 Enduron | <<locked>> | 92% | 53,737 psi | 86% | 2602 fps | 96% |
| IMR 4198 | <<locked>> | 84% | 53,983 psi | 87% | 2530 fps | 100% |
| IMR 4451 Enduronᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 56,101 psi | 90% | 2667 fps | 96.4% |
| IMR 4831ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 43,990 psi | 71% | 2559 fps | 97.1% |
| IMR 4895 | <<locked>> | 94% | 54,969 psi | 88% | 2710 fps | 99.6% |
| IMR 8208 XBR | <<locked>> | 90% | 55,463 psi | 89% | 2654 fps | 99.9% |
| Lovex D073.5 | <<locked>> | 86% | 55,506 psi | 89% | 2641 fps | 100% |
| Lovex D073.6 | <<locked>> | 92% | 55,245 psi | 89% | 2674 fps | 100% |
| Lovex S060 | <<locked>> | 92% | 56,376 psi | 90% | 2628 fps | 99.6% |
| Lovex S062 | <<locked>> | 96% | 55,753 psi | 89% | 2667 fps | 100% |
| Lovex S065ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 51,445 psi | 82% | 2608 fps | 97% |
| Norma 201 | <<locked>> | 92% | 54,839 psi | 88% | 2644 fps | 99.9% |
| Norma 202 | <<locked>> | 92% | 55,230 psi | 89% | 2651 fps | 100% |
| Norma 203B | <<locked>> | 96% | 56,130 psi | 90% | 2717 fps | 99.7% |
| Norma URPᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 46,224 psi | 74% | 2608 fps | 97.3% |
| Ramshot Big Game | <<locked>> | 94% | 52,953 psi | 85% | 2690 fps | 99.3% |
| Ramshot TAC | <<locked>> | 90% | 55,825 psi | 90% | 2664 fps | 98% |
| Ramshot Wild Boar | <<locked>> | 90% | 54,969 psi | 88% | 2684 fps | 99.5% |
| Ramshot X-Terminator | <<locked>> | 86% | 53,113 psi | 85% | 2605 fps | 99.3% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 14ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 35,070 psi | 56% | 1624 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 40 | <<locked>> | 86% | 54,969 psi | 88% | 2638 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 50 | <<locked>> | 96% | 55,434 psi | 89% | 2667 fps | 97% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 52 | <<locked>> | 92% | 53,388 psi | 86% | 2740 fps | 99.2% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 60 | <<locked>> | 98% | 53,011 psi | 85% | 2769 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 62ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 45,730 psi | 73% | 2625 fps | 97% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 70ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 47,108 psi | 76% | 2644 fps | 96.4% |
| Rottweil R 901 | <<locked>> | 90% | 55,825 psi | 90% | 2628 fps | 100% |
| Rottweil R 902 | <<locked>> | 94% | 54,998 psi | 88% | 2638 fps | 99.9% |
| Rottweil R 903ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 56,318 psi | 90% | 2710 fps | 99.9% |
| Shooters World Long Rifleᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 51,445 psi | 82% | 2608 fps | 97% |
| Shooters World Match Rifle | <<locked>> | 92% | 55,245 psi | 89% | 2674 fps | 100% |
| Shooters World Precision | <<locked>> | 96% | 55,753 psi | 89% | 2667 fps | 100% |
| Shooters World Tactical Rifle | <<locked>> | 84% | 54,926 psi | 88% | 2608 fps | 99.8% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 10 | <<locked>> | 82% | 54,288 psi | 87% | 2635 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 11 | <<locked>> | 98% | 54,752 psi | 88% | 2723 fps | 99.5% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 3 | <<locked>> | 84% | 54,505 psi | 87% | 2589 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 7 | <<locked>> | 90% | 53,780 psi | 86% | 2638 fps | 98.1% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 9 | <<locked>> | 92% | 54,404 psi | 87% | 2667 fps | 99.5% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 3000 | <<locked>> | 90% | 53,693 psi | 86% | 2549 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 5000 | <<locked>> | 96% | 53,011 psi | 85% | 2543 fps | 100% |
| Somchem S321 | <<locked>> | 86% | 53,026 psi | 85% | 2638 fps | 99.9% |
| Somchem S335 | <<locked>> | 92% | 56,014 psi | 90% | 2592 fps | 100% |
| Somchem S341 | <<locked>> | 90% | 53,316 psi | 85% | 2635 fps | 99.3% |
| Somchem S355 | <<locked>> | 98% | 53,330 psi | 86% | 2661 fps | 99.6% |
| Somchem S365ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 41,060 psi | 66% | 2556 fps | 99.1% |
| Vihtavuori N130 | <<locked>> | 86% | 53,606 psi | 86% | 2523 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N133 | <<locked>> | 90% | 53,635 psi | 86% | 2539 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N135 | <<locked>> | 94% | 54,215 psi | 87% | 2612 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N140 | <<locked>> | 94% | 55,651 psi | 89% | 2628 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N150ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 55,027 psi | 88% | 2648 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N160ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 48,573 psi | 78% | 2605 fps | 97.7% |
| Vihtavuori N530 | <<locked>> | 90% | 56,130 psi | 90% | 2654 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N540 | <<locked>> | 94% | 53,664 psi | 86% | 2625 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N550ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 47,805 psi | 77% | 2615 fps | 97.4% |
| Winchester 6.5 StaBALLᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 49,879 psi | 80% | 2598 fps | 99.4% |
| Winchester 748 | <<locked>> | 90% | 55,100 psi | 88% | 2697 fps | 100% |
| Winchester StaBALL Match | <<locked>> | 92% | 53,940 psi | 86% | 2674 fps | 99.7% |
Recommended = one of the top powders for this cartridge and bullet combination.
Start Load - Barrel Length: 23.62"
| Powder | Charge | FR | MaxP | % | V(0) | z |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Accurate 2015 | <<locked>> | 80% | 42,090 psi | 67% | 2395 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2460 | <<locked>> | 80% | 45,585 psi | 73% | 2490 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2495 | <<locked>> | 80% | 34,476 psi | 55% | 2310 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2520 | <<locked>> | 80% | 40,698 psi | 65% | 2441 fps | 99.6% |
| Accurate 4064 | <<locked>> | 80% | 32,576 psi | 52% | 2293 fps | 98.9% |
| Accurate 4350 | <<locked>> | 94% | 37,434 psi | 60% | 2451 fps | 95.1% |
| Accurate LT-30 | <<locked>> | 80% | 50,430 psi | 81% | 2470 fps | 100% |
| Accurate LT-32 | <<locked>> | 80% | 50,821 psi | 81% | 2490 fps | 100% |
| ADI AR 2206H | <<locked>> | 80% | 38,609 psi | 62% | 2398 fps | 96.8% |
| ADI AR 2208 | <<locked>> | 84% | 37,173 psi | 60% | 2352 fps | 95.6% |
| ADI AR 2219 | <<locked>> | 80% | 50,575 psi | 81% | 2579 fps | 100% |
| ADI Benchmark 8208 | <<locked>> | 80% | 40,582 psi | 65% | 2415 fps | 98.4% |
| Alliant AR-Comp | <<locked>> | 80% | 39,639 psi | 64% | 2415 fps | 100% |
| Alliant Power Pro 1200-R | <<locked>> | 80% | 46,963 psi | 75% | 2598 fps | 99.1% |
| Alliant Power Pro 2000-MR | 54.4 gr | 84% | 39,523 psi | 63% | 2510 fps | 95.8% |
| Alliant Reloder- TS 15.5 | <<locked>> | 80% | 31,923 psi | 51% | 2274 fps | 95.7% |
| Alliant Reloder-10x | <<locked>> | 80% | 47,456 psi | 76% | 2484 fps | 100% |
| Alliant Reloder-15 | <<locked>> | 82% | 36,724 psi | 59% | 2382 fps | 95.7% |
| Alliant Reloder-16 | <<locked>> | 94% | 38,406 psi | 62% | 2464 fps | 95.2% |
| Alliant Reloder-17 | <<locked>> | 86% | 33,547 psi | 54% | 2382 fps | 95.3% |
| Baschieri & Pellagri 106 | <<locked>> | 80% | 49,356 psi | 79% | 2467 fps | 100% |
| Baschieri & Pellagri 107 | <<locked>> | 80% | 37,420 psi | 60% | 2392 fps | 95.1% |
| Bofors RP3 | <<locked>> | 80% | 31,140 psi | 50% | 2270 fps | 95.5% |
| Hodgdon Benchmark | <<locked>> | 80% | 42,496 psi | 68% | 2408 fps | 99.2% |
| Hodgdon BL-C2 | <<locked>> | 80% | 38,508 psi | 62% | 2425 fps | 98.5% |
| Hodgdon CFE223 | <<locked>> | 80% | 42,424 psi | 68% | 2549 fps | 97.3% |
| Hodgdon H322 | <<locked>> | 80% | 46,151 psi | 74% | 2510 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon H335 | <<locked>> | 80% | 46,862 psi | 75% | 2533 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon H380 | <<locked>> | 86% | 39,465 psi | 63% | 2428 fps | 95% |
| Hodgdon H4895 | <<locked>> | 80% | 38,856 psi | 62% | 2408 fps | 97.5% |
| Hodgdon Hybrid 100V | <<locked>> | 92% | 32,866 psi | 53% | 2313 fps | 95.1% |
| Hodgdon LEVERevolution | <<locked>> | 80% | 34,621 psi | 56% | 2369 fps | 96.7% |
| Hodgdon TrailBoss | <<locked>> | 80% | 25,802 psi | 41% | 1417 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon VARGET | <<locked>> | 80% | 37,362 psi | 60% | 2365 fps | 97% |
| IMR 3031 | <<locked>> | 80% | 37,724 psi | 60% | 2415 fps | 100% |
| IMR 4064 | <<locked>> | 82% | 36,593 psi | 59% | 2336 fps | 95.7% |
| IMR 4166 Enduron | <<locked>> | 90% | 50,589 psi | 81% | 2552 fps | 95.3% |
| IMR 4198 | <<locked>> | 80% | 47,964 psi | 77% | 2451 fps | 100% |
| IMR 4451 Enduron | <<locked>> | 96% | 49,676 psi | 80% | 2569 fps | 95% |
| IMR 4831 | <<locked>> | 96% | 38,696 psi | 62% | 2457 fps | 95.6% |
| IMR 4895 | <<locked>> | 80% | 35,288 psi | 57% | 2359 fps | 95.9% |
| IMR 8208 XBR | <<locked>> | 80% | 40,582 psi | 65% | 2415 fps | 98.4% |
| Lovex D073.5 | <<locked>> | 80% | 45,295 psi | 73% | 2493 fps | 99.7% |
| Lovex D073.6 | <<locked>> | 80% | 36,970 psi | 59% | 2382 fps | 99% |
| Lovex S060 | <<locked>> | 80% | 39,175 psi | 63% | 2346 fps | 97% |
| Lovex S062 | <<locked>> | 80% | 34,011 psi | 55% | 2293 fps | 96.9% |
| Lovex S065 | <<locked>> | 94% | 42,859 psi | 69% | 2464 fps | 95% |
| Norma 201 | <<locked>> | 80% | 37,797 psi | 61% | 2359 fps | 97.9% |
| Norma 202 | <<locked>> | 80% | 37,855 psi | 61% | 2375 fps | 99.5% |
| Norma 203B | <<locked>> | 80% | 33,881 psi | 54% | 2320 fps | 95.3% |
| Norma URP | <<locked>> | 94% | 38,232 psi | 61% | 2454 fps | 95.1% |
| Ramshot Big Game | <<locked>> | 82% | 35,476 psi | 57% | 2375 fps | 95.5% |
| Ramshot TAC | <<locked>> | 82% | 43,178 psi | 69% | 2457 fps | 95.3% |
| Ramshot Wild Boar | <<locked>> | 80% | 39,436 psi | 63% | 2425 fps | 97% |
| Ramshot X-Terminator | <<locked>> | 80% | 43,990 psi | 71% | 2457 fps | 97.9% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 14 | <<locked>> | 80% | 25,991 psi | 42% | 1450 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 40 | <<locked>> | 80% | 45,440 psi | 73% | 2493 fps | 99.8% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 50 | <<locked>> | 92% | 48,530 psi | 78% | 2562 fps | 95.6% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 52 | 50.3 gr | 80% | 35,520 psi | 57% | 2415 fps | 95.2% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 60 | 51.1 gr | 80% | 29,530 psi | 47% | 2283 fps | 96.1% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 62 | <<locked>> | 96% | 40,103 psi | 64% | 2520 fps | 95.4% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 70 | <<locked>> | 98% | 44,048 psi | 71% | 2589 fps | 95.5% |
| Rottweil R 901 | <<locked>> | 80% | 41,466 psi | 66% | 2408 fps | 99.8% |
| Rottweil R 902 | <<locked>> | 80% | 35,911 psi | 58% | 2313 fps | 97.4% |
| Rottweil R 903 | <<locked>> | 82% | 31,256 psi | 50% | 2267 fps | 95.2% |
| Shooters World Long Rifle | <<locked>> | 94% | 42,859 psi | 69% | 2464 fps | 95% |
| Shooters World Match Rifle | <<locked>> | 80% | 36,970 psi | 59% | 2382 fps | 99% |
| Shooters World Precision | <<locked>> | 80% | 34,011 psi | 55% | 2293 fps | 96.9% |
| Shooters World Tactical Rifle | <<locked>> | 80% | 47,921 psi | 77% | 2507 fps | 99.3% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 10 | <<locked>> | 80% | 50,850 psi | 82% | 2585 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 11 | <<locked>> | 84% | 34,809 psi | 56% | 2365 fps | 95.4% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 3 | <<locked>> | 80% | 48,153 psi | 77% | 2500 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 7 | <<locked>> | 82% | 41,017 psi | 66% | 2428 fps | 95.3% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 9 | <<locked>> | 80% | 37,144 psi | 60% | 2369 fps | 96.4% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 3000 | <<locked>> | 80% | 39,392 psi | 63% | 2329 fps | 99.7% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 5000 | <<locked>> | 80% | 32,372 psi | 52% | 2201 fps | 99.2% |
| Somchem S321 | <<locked>> | 80% | 43,453 psi | 70% | 2487 fps | 99.1% |
| Somchem S335 | <<locked>> | 80% | 38,914 psi | 62% | 2333 fps | 99.9% |
| Somchem S341 | <<locked>> | 80% | 38,116 psi | 61% | 2382 fps | 96.6% |
| Somchem S355 | <<locked>> | 82% | 32,445 psi | 52% | 2277 fps | 95.4% |
| Somchem S365 | <<locked>> | 90% | 30,066 psi | 48% | 2303 fps | 95.6% |
| Vihtavuori N130 | <<locked>> | 80% | 44,672 psi | 72% | 2398 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N133 | <<locked>> | 80% | 39,537 psi | 63% | 2333 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N135 | <<locked>> | 80% | 34,809 psi | 56% | 2310 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N140 | <<locked>> | 80% | 35,665 psi | 57% | 2313 fps | 99.4% |
| Vihtavuori N150 | <<locked>> | 80% | 28,790 psi | 46% | 2175 fps | 95.5% |
| Vihtavuori N160 | <<locked>> | 94% | 40,176 psi | 64% | 2457 fps | 95.6% |
| Vihtavuori N530 | <<locked>> | 80% | 40,437 psi | 65% | 2408 fps | 98.5% |
| Vihtavuori N540 | <<locked>> | 80% | 34,301 psi | 55% | 2300 fps | 98.9% |
| Vihtavuori N550 | <<locked>> | 94% | 39,175 psi | 63% | 2457 fps | 95.1% |
| Winchester 6.5 StaBALL | <<locked>> | 88% | 33,649 psi | 54% | 2293 fps | 95.5% |
| Winchester 748 | <<locked>> | 80% | 39,305 psi | 63% | 2444 fps | 98.9% |
| Winchester StaBALL Match | <<locked>> | 80% | 36,158 psi | 58% | 2365 fps | 96.8% |
Recommended = one of the top powders for this cartridge and bullet combination.
ᴾ possible press load - work up slowly to this load while watching for signs of excessive pressure.
This overview compares 93 powders for 8.5 x 63 loaded with the .338 | 210gr | Nosler Partition. Alliant Power Pro 2000-MR delivers the highest muzzle velocity at 2,795 fps; across all powders the maximum-charge window runs from 1,588 fps to 2,795 fps. Accurate 4350 gives the best case fill at 100 %, and 93 of the 93 powders fall inside the usable 80–100 % fill window.
Relative to the caliber's maximum pressure (430 MPa), the top charges use 56–90 %, leaving at least 10 % headroom. The 210.0 gr projectile in 0.338" calls for a 1:16.5 twist; slower twists will usually not stabilise this weight. Accurate 4350, Alliant Reloder-16, Alliant Reloder-17 reach 100 % fill or more at maximum charge, so these are compressed loads: they need a long drop tube to seat cleanly and react sensitively to the case capacity of your own brass lot. Alliant Power Pro 2000-MR, ReloadSwiss RS 52, ReloadSwiss RS 60 rank at the top here: for 8.5 x 63 with the .338 | 210gr | Nosler Partition they combine a high case fill with complete burn and sit in the upper velocity band. Always begin at the start load and work up in small increments while checking case and primer for pressure signs.