Load Specifications
Load data in caliber 8.5 x 63 with .338 | 210gr | Impala RNFP KO bullet and 93 powders. The key underlying parameters are shown in the table above. The recommended powders for this cartridge and bullet combination are Alliant Power Pro 2000-MR, ReloadSwiss RS 52 and ReloadSwiss RS 60.
Important Notice: DO NOT go below Minimum Charge or above Maximum Charge. Since we have no control over the equipment and components used, any responsibility and liability for the results achieved is rejected.
Only powders/loads that match the current filter criteria are displayed: max pressure of a load ≤ 90% of max. standardized pressure, fill rate ≥ 80% and propellant combustion ≥ 95%. Use the sliders above the tables to adjust these thresholds.
Charge: Powder weight in grains. Start with the minimum load and work up carefully.
FR (Fill Rate): Case fill as a percentage. Values above 100% mean compressed loads.
MaxP / %: Maximum chamber pressure in bar and as a percentage of the standardized maximum for this caliber.
V(0): Muzzle velocity in feet per second (fps) at the standardized barrel length.
z (Powder Burn): Estimated propellant combustion percentage at bullet exit.
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You can find more information in our FAQ: How can I use the Personalized Load Calculator?
Max Load - Barrel Length: 23.62"
| Powder | Charge | FR | MaxP | % | V(0) | z |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Accurate 2015 | <<locked>> | 88% | 55,927 psi | 90% | 2559 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2460 | <<locked>> | 84% | 54,563 psi | 87% | 2585 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2495 | <<locked>> | 92% | 54,375 psi | 87% | 2585 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2520 | <<locked>> | 88% | 55,767 psi | 89% | 2638 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 4064 | <<locked>> | 94% | 53,925 psi | 86% | 2621 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 4350ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 48,254 psi | 77% | 2612 fps | 97.6% |
| Accurate LT-30 | <<locked>> | 82% | 54,636 psi | 88% | 2497 fps | 100% |
| Accurate LT-32 | <<locked>> | 82% | 55,056 psi | 88% | 2520 fps | 100% |
| ADI AR 2206H | <<locked>> | 90% | 54,375 psi | 87% | 2638 fps | 99.4% |
| ADI AR 2208 | <<locked>> | 96% | 54,911 psi | 88% | 2628 fps | 99% |
| ADI AR 2219 | <<locked>> | 82% | 55,463 psi | 89% | 2615 fps | 100% |
| ADI Benchmark 8208 | <<locked>> | 88% | 53,505 psi | 86% | 2595 fps | 99.8% |
| Alliant AR-Comp | <<locked>> | 88% | 53,577 psi | 86% | 2585 fps | 100% |
| Alliant Power Pro 1200-R | <<locked>> | 84% | 55,245 psi | 89% | 2694 fps | 99.7% |
| Alliant Power Pro 2000-MR | <<locked>> | 92% | 53,127 psi | 85% | 2726 fps | 98.8% |
| Alliant Reloder- TS 15.5 | <<locked>> | 96% | 54,433 psi | 87% | 2651 fps | 99.8% |
| Alliant Reloder-10x | <<locked>> | 84% | 55,680 psi | 89% | 2562 fps | 100% |
| Alliant Reloder-15 | <<locked>> | 94% | 55,463 psi | 89% | 2674 fps | 99.2% |
| Alliant Reloder-16ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 47,645 psi | 76% | 2612 fps | 97.6% |
| Alliant Reloder-17ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 54,549 psi | 87% | 2756 fps | 99.7% |
| Baschieri & Pellagri 106 | <<locked>> | 82% | 53,867 psi | 86% | 2500 fps | 100% |
| Baschieri & Pellagri 107 | <<locked>> | 90% | 53,737 psi | 86% | 2648 fps | 98.6% |
| Bofors RP3 | <<locked>> | 96% | 55,303 psi | 89% | 2671 fps | 99.8% |
| Hodgdon Benchmark | <<locked>> | 88% | 55,840 psi | 90% | 2585 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon BL-C2 | <<locked>> | 90% | 55,927 psi | 90% | 2674 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon CFE223 | <<locked>> | 86% | 53,592 psi | 86% | 2703 fps | 99% |
| Hodgdon H322 | <<locked>> | 84% | 54,099 psi | 87% | 2595 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon H335 | <<locked>> | 84% | 55,288 psi | 89% | 2621 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon H380 | <<locked>> | 94% | 53,156 psi | 85% | 2628 fps | 97.9% |
| Hodgdon H4895 | <<locked>> | 90% | 54,795 psi | 88% | 2648 fps | 99.7% |
| Hodgdon Hybrid 100Vᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 43,932 psi | 70% | 2507 fps | 98.2% |
| Hodgdon LEVERevolution | <<locked>> | 92% | 53,069 psi | 85% | 2674 fps | 99.8% |
| Hodgdon TrailBossᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 35,389 psi | 57% | 1575 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon VARGET | <<locked>> | 92% | 55,811 psi | 89% | 2648 fps | 99.7% |
| IMR 3031 | <<locked>> | 90% | 53,983 psi | 87% | 2638 fps | 100% |
| IMR 4064 | <<locked>> | 94% | 54,752 psi | 88% | 2618 fps | 99.1% |
| IMR 4166 Enduron | <<locked>> | 92% | 55,187 psi | 88% | 2589 fps | 95.9% |
| IMR 4198 | <<locked>> | 84% | 55,332 psi | 89% | 2520 fps | 100% |
| IMR 4451 Enduron | <<locked>> | 98% | 54,346 psi | 87% | 2608 fps | 95.7% |
| IMR 4831ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 45,977 psi | 74% | 2559 fps | 97.2% |
| IMR 4895 | <<locked>> | 92% | 53,432 psi | 86% | 2654 fps | 99.3% |
| IMR 8208 XBR | <<locked>> | 88% | 53,505 psi | 86% | 2595 fps | 99.8% |
| Lovex D073.5 | <<locked>> | 84% | 54,331 psi | 87% | 2589 fps | 100% |
| Lovex D073.6 | <<locked>> | 90% | 53,708 psi | 86% | 2621 fps | 100% |
| Lovex S060 | <<locked>> | 90% | 54,491 psi | 87% | 2572 fps | 99.4% |
| Lovex S062 | <<locked>> | 94% | 54,621 psi | 88% | 2621 fps | 99.9% |
| Lovex S065ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 53,345 psi | 86% | 2602 fps | 97.1% |
| Norma 201 | <<locked>> | 90% | 53,867 psi | 86% | 2595 fps | 99.8% |
| Norma 202 | <<locked>> | 90% | 53,766 psi | 86% | 2598 fps | 100% |
| Norma 203B | <<locked>> | 94% | 54,592 psi | 88% | 2664 fps | 99.4% |
| Norma URPᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 47,935 psi | 77% | 2605 fps | 97.4% |
| Ramshot Big Game | <<locked>> | 94% | 54,491 psi | 87% | 2680 fps | 99.3% |
| Ramshot TAC | <<locked>> | 88% | 54,012 psi | 87% | 2605 fps | 97.4% |
| Ramshot Wild Boar | <<locked>> | 88% | 53,084 psi | 85% | 2625 fps | 99.2% |
| Ramshot X-Terminator | <<locked>> | 86% | 54,882 psi | 88% | 2598 fps | 99.3% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 14ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 35,621 psi | 57% | 1611 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 40 | <<locked>> | 84% | 53,476 psi | 86% | 2585 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 50 | <<locked>> | 94% | 53,476 psi | 86% | 2605 fps | 96.3% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 52 | <<locked>> | 92% | 55,027 psi | 88% | 2730 fps | 99.2% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 60 | <<locked>> | 98% | 54,679 psi | 88% | 2762 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 62ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 47,659 psi | 76% | 2628 fps | 97.1% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 70ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 48,776 psi | 78% | 2641 fps | 96.4% |
| Rottweil R 901 | <<locked>> | 88% | 55,608 psi | 89% | 2589 fps | 100% |
| Rottweil R 902 | <<locked>> | 92% | 54,244 psi | 87% | 2592 fps | 99.8% |
| Rottweil R 903 | <<locked>> | 98% | 54,853 psi | 88% | 2657 fps | 99.7% |
| Shooters World Long Rifleᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 53,345 psi | 86% | 2602 fps | 97.1% |
| Shooters World Match Rifle | <<locked>> | 90% | 53,708 psi | 86% | 2621 fps | 100% |
| Shooters World Precision | <<locked>> | 94% | 54,621 psi | 88% | 2621 fps | 99.9% |
| Shooters World Tactical Rifle | <<locked>> | 82% | 53,185 psi | 85% | 2552 fps | 99.6% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 10 | <<locked>> | 82% | 55,883 psi | 90% | 2625 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 11 | <<locked>> | 98% | 55,970 psi | 90% | 2710 fps | 99.5% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 3 | <<locked>> | 84% | 56,014 psi | 90% | 2575 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 7 | <<locked>> | 90% | 55,796 psi | 89% | 2635 fps | 98.1% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 9 | <<locked>> | 92% | 55,956 psi | 90% | 2657 fps | 99.5% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 3000 | <<locked>> | 90% | 55,158 psi | 88% | 2539 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 5000 | <<locked>> | 96% | 54,650 psi | 88% | 2536 fps | 100% |
| Somchem S321 | <<locked>> | 86% | 54,795 psi | 88% | 2631 fps | 99.9% |
| Somchem S335 | <<locked>> | 90% | 54,708 psi | 88% | 2543 fps | 100% |
| Somchem S341 | <<locked>> | 90% | 54,969 psi | 88% | 2628 fps | 99.3% |
| Somchem S355 | <<locked>> | 98% | 55,405 psi | 89% | 2657 fps | 99.7% |
| Somchem S365ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 43,033 psi | 69% | 2559 fps | 99.2% |
| Vihtavuori N130 | <<locked>> | 86% | 55,230 psi | 89% | 2513 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N133 | <<locked>> | 90% | 54,969 psi | 88% | 2526 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N135 | <<locked>> | 94% | 56,159 psi | 90% | 2605 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N140 | <<locked>> | 92% | 53,838 psi | 86% | 2575 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N150 | <<locked>> | 98% | 53,316 psi | 85% | 2592 fps | 99.9% |
| Vihtavuori N160ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 50,256 psi | 81% | 2602 fps | 97.7% |
| Vihtavuori N530 | <<locked>> | 88% | 54,085 psi | 87% | 2595 fps | 99.8% |
| Vihtavuori N540 | <<locked>> | 94% | 55,448 psi | 89% | 2618 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N550ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 49,400 psi | 79% | 2608 fps | 97.4% |
| Winchester 6.5 StaBALLᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 51,271 psi | 82% | 2589 fps | 99.4% |
| Winchester 748 | <<locked>> | 88% | 53,272 psi | 85% | 2641 fps | 100% |
| Winchester StaBALL Match | <<locked>> | 92% | 55,680 psi | 89% | 2667 fps | 99.7% |
Recommended = one of the top powders for this cartridge and bullet combination.
Start Load - Barrel Length: 23.62"
| Powder | Charge | FR | MaxP | % | V(0) | z |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Accurate 2015 | <<locked>> | 80% | 44,454 psi | 71% | 2395 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2460 | <<locked>> | 80% | 48,182 psi | 77% | 2493 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2495 | <<locked>> | 80% | 37,985 psi | 61% | 2336 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2520 | <<locked>> | 80% | 43,178 psi | 69% | 2451 fps | 99.7% |
| Accurate 4064 | <<locked>> | 80% | 35,897 psi | 58% | 2320 fps | 99.4% |
| Accurate 4350 | <<locked>> | 94% | 39,900 psi | 64% | 2467 fps | 95.5% |
| Accurate LT-30 | <<locked>> | 80% | 51,677 psi | 83% | 2457 fps | 100% |
| Accurate LT-32 | <<locked>> | 80% | 52,054 psi | 83% | 2477 fps | 100% |
| ADI AR 2206H | <<locked>> | 80% | 40,495 psi | 65% | 2402 fps | 97.1% |
| ADI AR 2208 | <<locked>> | 82% | 36,767 psi | 59% | 2310 fps | 95.1% |
| ADI AR 2219 | <<locked>> | 80% | 52,083 psi | 84% | 2569 fps | 100% |
| ADI Benchmark 8208 | <<locked>> | 80% | 42,322 psi | 68% | 2411 fps | 98.6% |
| Alliant AR-Comp | <<locked>> | 80% | 41,640 psi | 67% | 2418 fps | 100% |
| Alliant Power Pro 1200-R | <<locked>> | 80% | 48,733 psi | 78% | 2592 fps | 99.1% |
| Alliant Power Pro 2000-MR | 51.5 gr | 82% | 38,870 psi | 62% | 2457 fps | 95.2% |
| Alliant Reloder- TS 15.5 | <<locked>> | 80% | 34,113 psi | 55% | 2290 fps | 96.2% |
| Alliant Reloder-10x | <<locked>> | 80% | 49,661 psi | 80% | 2480 fps | 100% |
| Alliant Reloder-15 | <<locked>> | 80% | 36,506 psi | 59% | 2339 fps | 95.3% |
| Alliant Reloder-16 | <<locked>> | 94% | 40,103 psi | 64% | 2464 fps | 95.4% |
| Alliant Reloder-17 | <<locked>> | 86% | 35,433 psi | 57% | 2388 fps | 95.7% |
| Baschieri & Pellagri 106 | <<locked>> | 80% | 50,560 psi | 81% | 2457 fps | 100% |
| Baschieri & Pellagri 107 | <<locked>> | 80% | 39,088 psi | 63% | 2395 fps | 95.4% |
| Bofors RP3 | <<locked>> | 80% | 33,663 psi | 54% | 2290 fps | 96.2% |
| Hodgdon Benchmark | <<locked>> | 80% | 44,324 psi | 71% | 2408 fps | 99.3% |
| Hodgdon BL-C2 | <<locked>> | 80% | 40,712 psi | 65% | 2431 fps | 98.8% |
| Hodgdon CFE223 | <<locked>> | 80% | 44,106 psi | 71% | 2546 fps | 97.4% |
| Hodgdon H322 | <<locked>> | 80% | 47,950 psi | 77% | 2507 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon H335 | <<locked>> | 80% | 48,704 psi | 78% | 2530 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon H380 | <<locked>> | 86% | 41,611 psi | 67% | 2434 fps | 95.3% |
| Hodgdon H4895 | <<locked>> | 80% | 40,814 psi | 65% | 2411 fps | 97.7% |
| Hodgdon Hybrid 100V | <<locked>> | 92% | 34,911 psi | 56% | 2323 fps | 95.6% |
| Hodgdon LEVERevolution | <<locked>> | 80% | 36,579 psi | 59% | 2379 fps | 97% |
| Hodgdon TrailBoss | <<locked>> | 80% | 26,455 psi | 42% | 1404 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon VARGET | <<locked>> | 80% | 39,146 psi | 63% | 2369 fps | 97.2% |
| IMR 3031 | <<locked>> | 80% | 39,726 psi | 64% | 2418 fps | 100% |
| IMR 4064 | <<locked>> | 80% | 36,463 psi | 58% | 2297 fps | 95.3% |
| IMR 4166 Enduron | <<locked>> | 90% | 51,996 psi | 83% | 2543 fps | 95.3% |
| IMR 4198 | <<locked>> | 80% | 49,545 psi | 79% | 2444 fps | 100% |
| IMR 4451 Enduron | <<locked>> | 96% | 51,184 psi | 82% | 2559 fps | 95% |
| IMR 4831 | <<locked>> | 94% | 38,406 psi | 62% | 2418 fps | 95.1% |
| IMR 4895 | <<locked>> | 80% | 37,333 psi | 60% | 2369 fps | 96.3% |
| IMR 8208 XBR | <<locked>> | 80% | 42,322 psi | 68% | 2411 fps | 98.6% |
| Lovex D073.5 | <<locked>> | 80% | 47,935 psi | 77% | 2497 fps | 99.7% |
| Lovex D073.6 | <<locked>> | 80% | 39,465 psi | 63% | 2392 fps | 99.3% |
| Lovex S060 | <<locked>> | 80% | 41,104 psi | 66% | 2349 fps | 97.2% |
| Lovex S062 | <<locked>> | 80% | 36,564 psi | 59% | 2310 fps | 97.4% |
| Lovex S065 | <<locked>> | 94% | 45,092 psi | 72% | 2470 fps | 95.2% |
| Norma 201 | <<locked>> | 80% | 40,263 psi | 65% | 2369 fps | 98.2% |
| Norma 202 | <<locked>> | 80% | 40,030 psi | 64% | 2379 fps | 99.7% |
| Norma 203B | <<locked>> | 80% | 35,998 psi | 58% | 2329 fps | 95.8% |
| Norma URP | <<locked>> | 94% | 40,176 psi | 64% | 2461 fps | 95.4% |
| Ramshot Big Game | <<locked>> | 80% | 35,172 psi | 56% | 2333 fps | 95.1% |
| Ramshot TAC | <<locked>> | 82% | 44,889 psi | 72% | 2457 fps | 95.4% |
| Ramshot Wild Boar | <<locked>> | 80% | 41,379 psi | 66% | 2428 fps | 97.2% |
| Ramshot X-Terminator | <<locked>> | 80% | 45,629 psi | 73% | 2454 fps | 98% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 14 | <<locked>> | 80% | 26,745 psi | 43% | 1440 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 40 | <<locked>> | 80% | 47,326 psi | 76% | 2493 fps | 99.9% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 50 | <<locked>> | 90% | 47,529 psi | 76% | 2510 fps | 95% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 52 | 48.7 gr | 80% | 37,492 psi | 60% | 2421 fps | 95.5% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 60 | 49.4 gr | 80% | 31,357 psi | 50% | 2297 fps | 96.6% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 62 | <<locked>> | 96% | 42,192 psi | 68% | 2526 fps | 95.7% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 70 | <<locked>> | 98% | 45,672 psi | 73% | 2585 fps | 95.6% |
| Rottweil R 901 | <<locked>> | 80% | 44,512 psi | 71% | 2418 fps | 99.9% |
| Rottweil R 902 | <<locked>> | 80% | 38,406 psi | 62% | 2323 fps | 97.8% |
| Rottweil R 903 | <<locked>> | 80% | 31,937 psi | 51% | 2241 fps | 95.1% |
| Shooters World Long Rifle | <<locked>> | 94% | 45,092 psi | 72% | 2470 fps | 95.2% |
| Shooters World Match Rifle | <<locked>> | 80% | 39,465 psi | 63% | 2392 fps | 99.3% |
| Shooters World Precision | <<locked>> | 80% | 36,564 psi | 59% | 2310 fps | 97.4% |
| Shooters World Tactical Rifle | <<locked>> | 80% | 49,777 psi | 80% | 2503 fps | 99.3% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 10 | <<locked>> | 80% | 52,649 psi | 84% | 2582 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 11 | <<locked>> | 84% | 36,695 psi | 59% | 2372 fps | 95.8% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 3 | <<locked>> | 80% | 49,922 psi | 80% | 2493 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 7 | <<locked>> | 82% | 43,149 psi | 69% | 2431 fps | 95.6% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 9 | <<locked>> | 80% | 39,015 psi | 63% | 2372 fps | 96.6% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 3000 | <<locked>> | 80% | 41,510 psi | 67% | 2333 fps | 99.7% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 5000 | <<locked>> | 80% | 34,403 psi | 55% | 2211 fps | 99.4% |
| Somchem S321 | <<locked>> | 80% | 45,397 psi | 73% | 2487 fps | 99.2% |
| Somchem S335 | <<locked>> | 80% | 41,118 psi | 66% | 2336 fps | 99.9% |
| Somchem S341 | <<locked>> | 80% | 39,885 psi | 64% | 2382 fps | 96.8% |
| Somchem S355 | <<locked>> | 80% | 32,880 psi | 53% | 2251 fps | 95.2% |
| Somchem S365 | <<locked>> | 88% | 30,487 psi | 49% | 2274 fps | 95.4% |
| Vihtavuori N130 | <<locked>> | 80% | 46,688 psi | 75% | 2395 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N133 | <<locked>> | 80% | 41,452 psi | 66% | 2329 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N135 | <<locked>> | 80% | 37,231 psi | 60% | 2320 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N140 | <<locked>> | 80% | 37,724 psi | 60% | 2320 fps | 99.6% |
| Vihtavuori N150 | <<locked>> | 80% | 31,067 psi | 50% | 2192 fps | 96.1% |
| Vihtavuori N160 | <<locked>> | 92% | 39,595 psi | 63% | 2411 fps | 95% |
| Vihtavuori N530 | <<locked>> | 80% | 42,264 psi | 68% | 2408 fps | 98.6% |
| Vihtavuori N540 | <<locked>> | 80% | 36,535 psi | 59% | 2310 fps | 99.1% |
| Vihtavuori N550 | <<locked>> | 94% | 41,191 psi | 66% | 2464 fps | 95.4% |
| Winchester 6.5 StaBALL | <<locked>> | 86% | 33,417 psi | 54% | 2251 fps | 95% |
| Winchester 748 | <<locked>> | 80% | 41,133 psi | 66% | 2444 fps | 99.1% |
| Winchester StaBALL Match | <<locked>> | 80% | 38,159 psi | 61% | 2375 fps | 97.1% |
Recommended = one of the top powders for this cartridge and bullet combination.
ᴾ possible press load - work up slowly to this load while watching for signs of excessive pressure.
This overview compares 93 powders for 8.5 x 63 loaded with the .338 | 210gr | Impala RNFP KO. ReloadSwiss RS 60 delivers the highest muzzle velocity at 2,762 fps; across all powders the maximum-charge window runs from 1,575 fps to 2,762 fps. Accurate 4350 gives the best case fill at 100 %, and 93 of the 93 powders fall inside the usable 80–100 % fill window.
Relative to the caliber's maximum pressure (430 MPa), the top charges use 57–90 %, leaving at least 10 % headroom. The 210.0 gr projectile in 0.338" calls for a 1:15.0 twist; slower twists will usually not stabilise this weight. Accurate 4350, Alliant Reloder-16, Alliant Reloder-17 reach 100 % fill or more at maximum charge, so these are compressed loads: they need a long drop tube to seat cleanly and react sensitively to the case capacity of your own brass lot. Alliant Power Pro 2000-MR, ReloadSwiss RS 52, ReloadSwiss RS 60 rank at the top here: for 8.5 x 63 with the .338 | 210gr | Impala RNFP KO they combine a high case fill with complete burn and sit in the upper velocity band. Always begin at the start load and work up in small increments while checking case and primer for pressure signs.