Load Specifications
Load data in caliber 7.62 x 53 R Fin. with .310 | 175gr | Rhino Solid Shank bullet and 93 powders. The key underlying parameters are shown in the table above. The recommended powders for this cartridge and bullet combination are ReloadSwiss RS 60, Alliant Reloder-17 and Alliant Power Pro 2000-MR.
Important Notice: DO NOT go below Minimum Charge or above Maximum Charge. Since we have no control over the equipment and components used, any responsibility and liability for the results achieved is rejected.
Only powders/loads that match the current filter criteria are displayed: max pressure of a load ≤ 90% of max. standardized pressure, fill rate ≥ 80% and propellant combustion ≥ 95%. Use the sliders above the tables to adjust these thresholds.
Charge: Powder weight in grains. Start with the minimum load and work up carefully.
FR (Fill Rate): Case fill as a percentage. Values above 100% mean compressed loads.
MaxP / %: Maximum chamber pressure in bar and as a percentage of the standardized maximum for this caliber.
V(0): Muzzle velocity in feet per second (fps) at the standardized barrel length.
z (Powder Burn): Estimated propellant combustion percentage at bullet exit.
A valid access license is required to use the Personalized Load Calculator.
You can find more information in our FAQ: How can I use the Personalized Load Calculator?
Max Load - Barrel Length: 27"
| Powder | Charge | FR | MaxP | % | V(0) | z |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Accurate 2015 | <<locked>> | 84% | 49,052 psi | 87% | 2595 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2460 | <<locked>> | 82% | 50,488 psi | 89% | 2661 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2495 | <<locked>> | 90% | 49,734 psi | 88% | 2657 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2520 | <<locked>> | 84% | 48,544 psi | 86% | 2671 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 4064 | <<locked>> | 92% | 49,821 psi | 88% | 2703 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 4350ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 48,457 psi | 86% | 2762 fps | 98.9% |
| ADI AR 2206H | <<locked>> | 86% | 48,037 psi | 85% | 2680 fps | 99.5% |
| ADI AR 2208 | <<locked>> | 92% | 49,066 psi | 87% | 2680 fps | 99.2% |
| ADI Benchmark 8208 | <<locked>> | 86% | 50,386 psi | 89% | 2684 fps | 100% |
| Alliant AR-Comp | <<locked>> | 86% | 50,198 psi | 89% | 2664 fps | 100% |
| Alliant Power Pro 2000-MR | <<locked>> | 90% | 50,285 psi | 89% | 2835 fps | 99.4% |
| Alliant Reloder- TS 15.5 | <<locked>> | 92% | 48,298 psi | 85% | 2700 fps | 99.9% |
| Alliant Reloder-15 | <<locked>> | 90% | 49,182 psi | 87% | 2720 fps | 99.3% |
| Alliant Reloder-16ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 47,776 psi | 84% | 2766 fps | 99% |
| Alliant Reloder-17 | <<locked>> | 96% | 48,254 psi | 85% | 2802 fps | 99.8% |
| Alliant Reloder-23ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 33,736 psi | 60% | 2503 fps | 96.9% |
| Baschieri & Pellagri 107 | <<locked>> | 88% | 50,792 psi | 90% | 2743 fps | 99.2% |
| Bofors RP3 | <<locked>> | 92% | 48,501 psi | 86% | 2713 fps | 99.9% |
| Bofors RP7 | <<locked>> | 96% | 49,342 psi | 87% | 2674 fps | 95.8% |
| Hodgdon Benchmark | <<locked>> | 84% | 49,530 psi | 88% | 2628 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon BL-C2 | <<locked>> | 86% | 49,095 psi | 87% | 2713 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon CFE223 | <<locked>> | 84% | 50,647 psi | 90% | 2802 fps | 99.5% |
| Hodgdon H322 | <<locked>> | 82% | 51,111 psi | 90% | 2684 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon H380 | <<locked>> | 92% | 49,792 psi | 88% | 2723 fps | 98.6% |
| Hodgdon H414 | <<locked>> | 98% | 48,631 psi | 86% | 2759 fps | 96.5% |
| Hodgdon H4895 | <<locked>> | 86% | 48,414 psi | 86% | 2690 fps | 99.7% |
| Hodgdon Hybrid 100Vᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 43,787 psi | 77% | 2648 fps | 99.3% |
| Hodgdon LEVERevolution | <<locked>> | 90% | 50,227 psi | 89% | 2769 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon TrailBossᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 34,853 psi | 62% | 1650 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon VARGET | <<locked>> | 88% | 49,603 psi | 88% | 2694 fps | 99.8% |
| IMR 3031 | <<locked>> | 88% | 50,952 psi | 90% | 2726 fps | 100% |
| IMR 4064 | <<locked>> | 90% | 48,660 psi | 86% | 2664 fps | 99.3% |
| IMR 4166 Enduron | <<locked>> | 88% | 49,153 psi | 87% | 2641 fps | 96.3% |
| IMR 4350ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 49,124 psi | 87% | 2694 fps | 95.7% |
| IMR 4451 Enduron | <<locked>> | 94% | 48,414 psi | 86% | 2661 fps | 96.1% |
| IMR 4831ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 46,035 psi | 81% | 2703 fps | 98.5% |
| IMR 4895 | <<locked>> | 90% | 50,357 psi | 89% | 2753 fps | 99.7% |
| IMR 8208 XBR | <<locked>> | 86% | 50,386 psi | 89% | 2684 fps | 100% |
| Lovex D073.5 | <<locked>> | 82% | 50,343 psi | 89% | 2671 fps | 100% |
| Lovex D073.6 | <<locked>> | 88% | 50,169 psi | 89% | 2707 fps | 100% |
| Lovex S060 | <<locked>> | 86% | 48,472 psi | 86% | 2615 fps | 99.5% |
| Lovex S062 | <<locked>> | 90% | 48,240 psi | 85% | 2664 fps | 99.9% |
| Lovex S065 | <<locked>> | 98% | 50,343 psi | 89% | 2703 fps | 97.9% |
| Lovex S070ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 50,749 psi | 90% | 2730 fps | 97% |
| Norma 201 | <<locked>> | 88% | 50,125 psi | 89% | 2680 fps | 100% |
| Norma 202 | <<locked>> | 88% | 50,285 psi | 89% | 2684 fps | 100% |
| Norma 203B | <<locked>> | 90% | 48,399 psi | 86% | 2710 fps | 99.5% |
| Norma URPᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 48,109 psi | 85% | 2753 fps | 98.7% |
| Ramshot Big Game | <<locked>> | 90% | 48,240 psi | 85% | 2726 fps | 99.4% |
| Ramshot Hunterᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 47,340 psi | 84% | 2743 fps | 97% |
| Ramshot TAC | <<locked>> | 86% | 50,734 psi | 90% | 2697 fps | 98.1% |
| Ramshot Wild Boar | <<locked>> | 86% | 50,053 psi | 88% | 2720 fps | 99.6% |
| Ramshot X-Terminator | <<locked>> | 82% | 48,153 psi | 85% | 2635 fps | 99.3% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 14ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 35,360 psi | 63% | 1693 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 40 | <<locked>> | 82% | 50,212 psi | 89% | 2671 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 50 | <<locked>> | 92% | 50,386 psi | 89% | 2703 fps | 97.3% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 52 | <<locked>> | 88% | 48,472 psi | 86% | 2776 fps | 99.3% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 60 | <<locked>> | 94% | 48,225 psi | 85% | 2812 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 62ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 47,950 psi | 85% | 2779 fps | 98.6% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 70ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 48,834 psi | 86% | 2802 fps | 98.2% |
| Rottweil R 901 | <<locked>> | 86% | 51,126 psi | 90% | 2664 fps | 100% |
| Rottweil R 902 | <<locked>> | 90% | 50,357 psi | 89% | 2674 fps | 100% |
| Rottweil R 903 | <<locked>> | 94% | 48,109 psi | 85% | 2700 fps | 99.8% |
| Rottweil R 907 | <<locked>> | 96% | 49,342 psi | 87% | 2674 fps | 95.8% |
| Shooters World Long Rifle | <<locked>> | 98% | 50,343 psi | 89% | 2703 fps | 97.9% |
| Shooters World Match Rifle | <<locked>> | 88% | 50,169 psi | 89% | 2707 fps | 100% |
| Shooters World Precision | <<locked>> | 90% | 48,240 psi | 85% | 2664 fps | 99.9% |
| Shooters World SW4350ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 50,749 psi | 90% | 2730 fps | 97% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 11 | <<locked>> | 94% | 49,792 psi | 88% | 2759 fps | 99.6% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 7 | <<locked>> | 86% | 48,878 psi | 86% | 2674 fps | 98.3% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 9 | <<locked>> | 88% | 49,516 psi | 88% | 2700 fps | 99.6% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 3000 | <<locked>> | 86% | 48,820 psi | 86% | 2582 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 5000 | <<locked>> | 92% | 48,675 psi | 86% | 2582 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 7000 | <<locked>> | 98% | 50,415 psi | 89% | 2651 fps | 96.6% |
| Somchem S321 | <<locked>> | 82% | 48,008 psi | 85% | 2667 fps | 100% |
| Somchem S335 | <<locked>> | 86% | 48,109 psi | 85% | 2582 fps | 100% |
| Somchem S341 | <<locked>> | 86% | 48,298 psi | 85% | 2667 fps | 99.4% |
| Somchem S355 | <<locked>> | 94% | 49,023 psi | 87% | 2703 fps | 99.8% |
| Somchem S365ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 42,931 psi | 76% | 2707 fps | 99.9% |
| Vihtavuori N130 | <<locked>> | 82% | 48,834 psi | 86% | 2552 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N133 | <<locked>> | 86% | 48,907 psi | 86% | 2569 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N135 | <<locked>> | 90% | 49,821 psi | 88% | 2648 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N140 | <<locked>> | 90% | 50,705 psi | 90% | 2661 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N150 | <<locked>> | 96% | 50,241 psi | 89% | 2684 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N160ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 50,749 psi | 90% | 2749 fps | 99% |
| Vihtavuori N530 | <<locked>> | 86% | 50,749 psi | 90% | 2684 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N540 | <<locked>> | 90% | 49,008 psi | 87% | 2661 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N550ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 49,603 psi | 88% | 2753 fps | 98.7% |
| Vihtavuori N555ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 35,810 psi | 63% | 2575 fps | 96.9% |
| Winchester 6.5 StaBALL | <<locked>> | 98% | 48,443 psi | 86% | 2687 fps | 99.8% |
| Winchester 748 | <<locked>> | 86% | 50,154 psi | 89% | 2730 fps | 100% |
| Winchester 760 | <<locked>> | 98% | 48,631 psi | 86% | 2759 fps | 96.5% |
| Winchester StaBALL Match | <<locked>> | 88% | 48,965 psi | 87% | 2707 fps | 99.8% |
Recommended = one of the top powders for this cartridge and bullet combination.
Start Load - Barrel Length: 27"
| Powder | Charge | FR | MaxP | % | V(0) | z |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Accurate 2015 | <<locked>> | 80% | 43,410 psi | 77% | 2510 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2460 | <<locked>> | 80% | 47,282 psi | 84% | 2615 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2495 | <<locked>> | 80% | 35,911 psi | 63% | 2434 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2520 | <<locked>> | 80% | 42,453 psi | 75% | 2575 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 4064 | <<locked>> | 80% | 33,953 psi | 60% | 2421 fps | 99.8% |
| Accurate 4350 | <<locked>> | 90% | 34,287 psi | 61% | 2493 fps | 95.6% |
| ADI AR 2206H | <<locked>> | 80% | 39,769 psi | 70% | 2530 fps | 98.2% |
| ADI AR 2208 | <<locked>> | 80% | 33,997 psi | 60% | 2388 fps | 95.9% |
| ADI Benchmark 8208 | <<locked>> | 80% | 41,756 psi | 74% | 2539 fps | 99.4% |
| Alliant AR-Comp | <<locked>> | 80% | 41,365 psi | 73% | 2536 fps | 100% |
| Alliant Power Pro 2000-MR | 45.3 gr | 80% | 35,853 psi | 63% | 2543 fps | 96.1% |
| Alliant Reloder- TS 15.5 | <<locked>> | 80% | 33,040 psi | 58% | 2405 fps | 97.4% |
| Alliant Reloder-15 | <<locked>> | 80% | 35,607 psi | 63% | 2464 fps | 96.7% |
| Alliant Reloder-16 | <<locked>> | 90% | 35,259 psi | 62% | 2507 fps | 95.7% |
| Alliant Reloder-17 | 45.7 gr | 82% | 30,472 psi | 54% | 2415 fps | 95.6% |
| Alliant Reloder-23 | <<locked>> | 96% | 29,950 psi | 53% | 2402 fps | 95.1% |
| Baschieri & Pellagri 107 | <<locked>> | 80% | 38,783 psi | 69% | 2530 fps | 97% |
| Bofors RP3 | <<locked>> | 80% | 32,430 psi | 57% | 2405 fps | 97.4% |
| Bofors RP7 | <<locked>> | 94% | 46,557 psi | 82% | 2625 fps | 95.1% |
| Hodgdon Benchmark | <<locked>> | 80% | 43,859 psi | 78% | 2533 fps | 99.8% |
| Hodgdon BL-C2 | <<locked>> | 80% | 40,089 psi | 71% | 2559 fps | 99.5% |
| Hodgdon CFE223 | <<locked>> | 80% | 44,063 psi | 78% | 2690 fps | 98.7% |
| Hodgdon H322 | <<locked>> | 80% | 47,776 psi | 84% | 2635 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon H380 | <<locked>> | 82% | 35,955 psi | 64% | 2461 fps | 95.3% |
| Hodgdon H414 | <<locked>> | 96% | 45,542 psi | 81% | 2703 fps | 95.7% |
| Hodgdon H4895 | <<locked>> | 80% | 40,045 psi | 71% | 2539 fps | 98.7% |
| Hodgdon Hybrid 100V | <<locked>> | 88% | 30,284 psi | 54% | 2356 fps | 95.7% |
| Hodgdon LEVERevolution | <<locked>> | 80% | 35,911 psi | 63% | 2507 fps | 98.3% |
| Hodgdon TrailBoss | <<locked>> | 80% | 25,875 psi | 46% | 1473 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon VARGET | <<locked>> | 80% | 38,595 psi | 68% | 2497 fps | 98.4% |
| IMR 3031 | <<locked>> | 80% | 39,247 psi | 69% | 2539 fps | 100% |
| IMR 4064 | <<locked>> | 80% | 35,592 psi | 63% | 2418 fps | 96.7% |
| IMR 4166 Enduron | <<locked>> | 86% | 46,122 psi | 82% | 2589 fps | 95.6% |
| IMR 4350 | <<locked>> | 98% | 46,079 psi | 81% | 2644 fps | 95% |
| IMR 4451 Enduron | <<locked>> | 92% | 45,382 psi | 80% | 2608 fps | 95.3% |
| IMR 4831 | <<locked>> | 90% | 33,257 psi | 59% | 2451 fps | 95.2% |
| IMR 4895 | <<locked>> | 80% | 36,448 psi | 64% | 2493 fps | 97.6% |
| IMR 8208 XBR | <<locked>> | 80% | 41,756 psi | 74% | 2539 fps | 99.4% |
| Lovex D073.5 | <<locked>> | 80% | 46,862 psi | 83% | 2618 fps | 100% |
| Lovex D073.6 | <<locked>> | 80% | 38,276 psi | 68% | 2510 fps | 99.8% |
| Lovex S060 | <<locked>> | 80% | 40,466 psi | 72% | 2474 fps | 98.3% |
| Lovex S062 | <<locked>> | 80% | 35,375 psi | 63% | 2425 fps | 98.4% |
| Lovex S065 | <<locked>> | 90% | 39,363 psi | 70% | 2507 fps | 95.4% |
| Lovex S070 | <<locked>> | 96% | 44,817 psi | 79% | 2628 fps | 95.7% |
| Norma 201 | <<locked>> | 80% | 39,073 psi | 69% | 2487 fps | 99% |
| Norma 202 | <<locked>> | 80% | 39,030 psi | 69% | 2497 fps | 100% |
| Norma 203B | <<locked>> | 80% | 35,027 psi | 62% | 2454 fps | 97.1% |
| Norma URP | <<locked>> | 90% | 34,911 psi | 62% | 2497 fps | 95.5% |
| Ramshot Big Game | <<locked>> | 80% | 34,461 psi | 61% | 2461 fps | 96.7% |
| Ramshot Hunter | <<locked>> | 96% | 41,655 psi | 74% | 2638 fps | 95.5% |
| Ramshot TAC | <<locked>> | 80% | 41,800 psi | 74% | 2539 fps | 96.3% |
| Ramshot Wild Boar | <<locked>> | 80% | 41,031 psi | 73% | 2562 fps | 98.4% |
| Ramshot X-Terminator | <<locked>> | 80% | 45,237 psi | 80% | 2585 fps | 99% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 14 | <<locked>> | 80% | 26,165 psi | 46% | 1509 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 40 | <<locked>> | 80% | 47,021 psi | 83% | 2621 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 50 | <<locked>> | 86% | 41,568 psi | 73% | 2546 fps | 95.2% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 52 | <<locked>> | 80% | 36,796 psi | 65% | 2552 fps | 97% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 60 | 44.6 gr | 80% | 30,458 psi | 54% | 2428 fps | 98.2% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 62 | <<locked>> | 92% | 36,738 psi | 65% | 2566 fps | 95.9% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 70 | <<locked>> | 94% | 39,943 psi | 71% | 2628 fps | 95.9% |
| Rottweil R 901 | <<locked>> | 80% | 42,888 psi | 76% | 2533 fps | 100% |
| Rottweil R 902 | <<locked>> | 80% | 37,173 psi | 66% | 2441 fps | 98.7% |
| Rottweil R 903 | <<locked>> | 80% | 30,603 psi | 54% | 2356 fps | 96.4% |
| Rottweil R 907 | <<locked>> | 94% | 46,557 psi | 82% | 2625 fps | 95.1% |
| Shooters World Long Rifle | <<locked>> | 90% | 39,363 psi | 70% | 2507 fps | 95.4% |
| Shooters World Match Rifle | <<locked>> | 80% | 38,276 psi | 68% | 2510 fps | 99.8% |
| Shooters World Precision | <<locked>> | 80% | 35,375 psi | 63% | 2425 fps | 98.4% |
| Shooters World SW4350 | <<locked>> | 96% | 44,817 psi | 79% | 2628 fps | 95.7% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 11 | <<locked>> | 80% | 31,633 psi | 56% | 2398 fps | 95.7% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 7 | <<locked>> | 80% | 39,668 psi | 70% | 2510 fps | 96.3% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 9 | <<locked>> | 80% | 38,276 psi | 68% | 2497 fps | 97.9% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 3000 | <<locked>> | 80% | 40,596 psi | 72% | 2448 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 5000 | <<locked>> | 80% | 33,446 psi | 59% | 2320 fps | 99.9% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 7000 | <<locked>> | 94% | 44,193 psi | 78% | 2552 fps | 95.2% |
| Somchem S321 | <<locked>> | 80% | 44,991 psi | 80% | 2618 fps | 99.8% |
| Somchem S335 | <<locked>> | 80% | 40,147 psi | 71% | 2451 fps | 100% |
| Somchem S341 | <<locked>> | 80% | 39,523 psi | 70% | 2513 fps | 98.1% |
| Somchem S355 | <<locked>> | 80% | 31,618 psi | 56% | 2362 fps | 96.5% |
| Somchem S365 | <<locked>> | 84% | 25,875 psi | 46% | 2290 fps | 95.1% |
| Vihtavuori N130 | <<locked>> | 80% | 45,992 psi | 81% | 2510 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N133 | <<locked>> | 80% | 40,770 psi | 72% | 2444 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N135 | <<locked>> | 80% | 36,187 psi | 64% | 2431 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N140 | <<locked>> | 80% | 37,086 psi | 66% | 2438 fps | 99.9% |
| Vihtavuori N150 | <<locked>> | 80% | 30,008 psi | 53% | 2306 fps | 97.4% |
| Vihtavuori N160 | <<locked>> | 88% | 34,490 psi | 61% | 2448 fps | 95.2% |
| Vihtavuori N530 | <<locked>> | 80% | 41,800 psi | 74% | 2536 fps | 99.4% |
| Vihtavuori N540 | <<locked>> | 80% | 35,679 psi | 63% | 2428 fps | 99.7% |
| Vihtavuori N550 | <<locked>> | 90% | 35,926 psi | 64% | 2500 fps | 95.6% |
| Vihtavuori N555 | <<locked>> | 96% | 31,546 psi | 56% | 2474 fps | 95.2% |
| Winchester 6.5 StaBALL | <<locked>> | 84% | 30,676 psi | 54% | 2329 fps | 95.9% |
| Winchester 748 | <<locked>> | 80% | 40,814 psi | 72% | 2575 fps | 99.7% |
| Winchester 760 | <<locked>> | 96% | 45,542 psi | 81% | 2703 fps | 95.7% |
| Winchester StaBALL Match | <<locked>> | 80% | 37,681 psi | 67% | 2503 fps | 98.3% |
Recommended = one of the top powders for this cartridge and bullet combination.
ᴾ possible press load - work up slowly to this load while watching for signs of excessive pressure.
This overview compares 93 powders for 7.62 x 53 R Fin. loaded with the .310 | 175gr | Rhino Solid Shank. Alliant Power Pro 2000-MR delivers the highest muzzle velocity at 2,835 fps; across all powders the maximum-charge window runs from 1,650 fps to 2,835 fps. Accurate 4350 gives the best case fill at 100 %, and 93 of the 93 powders fall inside the usable 80–100 % fill window.
Relative to the caliber's maximum pressure (390 MPa), the top charges use 60–90 %, leaving at least 10 % headroom. The 175.0 gr projectile in 0.31" calls for a 1:14.5 twist; slower twists will usually not stabilise this weight. Accurate 4350, Alliant Reloder-16, Alliant Reloder-23 reach 100 % fill or more at maximum charge, so these are compressed loads: they need a long drop tube to seat cleanly and react sensitively to the case capacity of your own brass lot. ReloadSwiss RS 60, Alliant Reloder-17, Alliant Power Pro 2000-MR rank at the top here: for 7.62 x 53 R Fin. with the .310 | 175gr | Rhino Solid Shank they combine a high case fill with complete burn and sit in the upper velocity band. Always begin at the start load and work up in small increments while checking case and primer for pressure signs.