
Load Specifications
Load data in caliber 7.5 x 55 Swiss with .308 | 180gr | Sako SuperHammerhead bullet and 94 powders. The key underlying parameters are shown in the table above. The recommended powders for this cartridge and bullet combination are ReloadSwiss RS 70, Hodgdon Superformance and Alliant Reloder-17.
Important Notice: DO NOT go below Minimum Charge or above Maximum Charge. Since we have no control over the equipment and components used, any responsibility and liability for the results achieved is rejected.
Only powders/loads that match the current filter criteria are displayed: max pressure of a load ≤ 90% of max. standardized pressure, fill rate ≥ 80% and propellant combustion ≥ 95%. Use the sliders above the tables to adjust these thresholds.
Charge: Powder weight in grains. Start with the minimum load and work up carefully.
FR (Fill Rate): Case fill as a percentage. Values above 100% mean compressed loads.
MaxP / %: Maximum chamber pressure in bar and as a percentage of the standardized maximum for this caliber.
V(0): Muzzle velocity in feet per second (fps) at the standardized barrel length.
z (Powder Burn): Estimated propellant combustion percentage at bullet exit.
A valid access license is required to use the Personalized Load Calculator.
You can find more information in our FAQ: How can I use the Personalized Load Calculator?
Max Load - Barrel Length: 31"
| Powder | Charge | FR | MaxP | % | V(0) | z |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Accurate 2015 | <<locked>> | 82% | 49,385 psi | 90% | 2598 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2495 | <<locked>> | 86% | 47,630 psi | 86% | 2625 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2520 | <<locked>> | 82% | 49,023 psi | 89% | 2684 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2700 | <<locked>> | 86% | 47,326 psi | 86% | 2618 fps | 96.8% |
| Accurate 3100ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 37,652 psi | 68% | 2572 fps | 96.7% |
| Accurate 4064 | <<locked>> | 88% | 47,601 psi | 86% | 2671 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 4350 | <<locked>> | 98% | 49,821 psi | 90% | 2799 fps | 99.8% |
| ADI AR 2206H | <<locked>> | 84% | 48,501 psi | 88% | 2703 fps | 100% |
| ADI AR 2208 | <<locked>> | 90% | 49,458 psi | 90% | 2703 fps | 99.9% |
| ADI Benchmark 8208 | <<locked>> | 82% | 47,645 psi | 86% | 2651 fps | 100% |
| Alliant AR-Comp | <<locked>> | 82% | 47,834 psi | 87% | 2625 fps | 100% |
| Alliant Power Pro 2000-MR | <<locked>> | 86% | 47,500 psi | 86% | 2812 fps | 99.9% |
| Alliant Reloder- TS 15.5 | <<locked>> | 90% | 49,052 psi | 89% | 2723 fps | 100% |
| Alliant Reloder-15 | <<locked>> | 88% | 49,588 psi | 90% | 2743 fps | 99.9% |
| Alliant Reloder-16 | <<locked>> | 98% | 48,501 psi | 88% | 2805 fps | 99.9% |
| Alliant Reloder-17 | <<locked>> | 94% | 49,153 psi | 89% | 2838 fps | 100% |
| Alliant Reloder-23ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 36,753 psi | 67% | 2612 fps | 99.4% |
| Alliant Reloder-26ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 40,480 psi | 73% | 2759 fps | 98.7% |
| Baschieri & Pellagri 107 | <<locked>> | 84% | 47,732 psi | 87% | 2713 fps | 99.7% |
| Bofors RP3 | <<locked>> | 90% | 49,168 psi | 89% | 2736 fps | 100% |
| Bofors RP7 | <<locked>> | 94% | 49,850 psi | 90% | 2707 fps | 97.6% |
| Hodgdon Benchmark | <<locked>> | 82% | 49,661 psi | 90% | 2638 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon BL-C2 | <<locked>> | 84% | 49,603 psi | 90% | 2730 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon H380 | <<locked>> | 88% | 47,297 psi | 86% | 2700 fps | 99.3% |
| Hodgdon H414 | <<locked>> | 96% | 49,342 psi | 90% | 2795 fps | 98.3% |
| Hodgdon H4350 | <<locked>> | 92% | 47,514 psi | 86% | 2707 fps | 96.6% |
| Hodgdon H4895 | <<locked>> | 84% | 48,921 psi | 89% | 2710 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon Hybrid 100Vᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 47,747 psi | 87% | 2730 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon LEVERevolution | <<locked>> | 86% | 47,659 psi | 86% | 2740 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon Superformance | <<locked>> | 94% | 46,615 psi | 85% | 2772 fps | 97.3% |
| Hodgdon TrailBossᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 35,360 psi | 64% | 1660 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon VARGET | <<locked>> | 84% | 47,152 psi | 86% | 2667 fps | 100% |
| IMR 3031 | <<locked>> | 84% | 48,602 psi | 88% | 2690 fps | 100% |
| IMR 4064 | <<locked>> | 88% | 49,124 psi | 89% | 2687 fps | 99.9% |
| IMR 4166 Enduron | <<locked>> | 86% | 49,066 psi | 89% | 2661 fps | 97.9% |
| IMR 4350 | <<locked>> | 98% | 49,821 psi | 90% | 2733 fps | 97.7% |
| IMR 4451 Enduron | <<locked>> | 92% | 48,791 psi | 89% | 2690 fps | 97.9% |
| IMR 4831 | <<locked>> | 98% | 47,210 psi | 86% | 2740 fps | 99.7% |
| IMR 4895 | <<locked>> | 86% | 47,877 psi | 87% | 2726 fps | 100% |
| IMR 8208 XBR | <<locked>> | 82% | 47,645 psi | 86% | 2651 fps | 100% |
| Lovex D073.6 | <<locked>> | 84% | 47,747 psi | 87% | 2677 fps | 100% |
| Lovex S060 | <<locked>> | 84% | 48,602 psi | 88% | 2631 fps | 100% |
| Lovex S062 | <<locked>> | 88% | 48,820 psi | 89% | 2684 fps | 100% |
| Lovex S065 | <<locked>> | 94% | 47,819 psi | 87% | 2684 fps | 98.9% |
| Lovex S070 | <<locked>> | 96% | 48,312 psi | 88% | 2713 fps | 98.2% |
| Norma 201 | <<locked>> | 84% | 47,398 psi | 86% | 2648 fps | 100% |
| Norma 202 | <<locked>> | 84% | 47,877 psi | 87% | 2651 fps | 100% |
| Norma 203B | <<locked>> | 88% | 48,805 psi | 89% | 2730 fps | 100% |
| Norma 204 | <<locked>> | 96% | 46,978 psi | 85% | 2723 fps | 95.8% |
| Norma MRPᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 40,973 psi | 74% | 2723 fps | 96.3% |
| Norma URP | <<locked>> | 98% | 49,197 psi | 89% | 2789 fps | 99.8% |
| Ramshot Big Game | <<locked>> | 88% | 48,892 psi | 89% | 2753 fps | 100% |
| Ramshot Hunter | <<locked>> | 98% | 48,254 psi | 88% | 2785 fps | 98.8% |
| Ramshot TAC | <<locked>> | 82% | 47,805 psi | 87% | 2671 fps | 98.9% |
| Ramshot Wild Boar | <<locked>> | 82% | 46,978 psi | 85% | 2687 fps | 99.9% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 14ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 35,679 psi | 65% | 1696 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 50 | <<locked>> | 88% | 47,558 psi | 86% | 2677 fps | 98.3% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 52 | <<locked>> | 86% | 49,617 psi | 90% | 2805 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 60 | <<locked>> | 92% | 49,081 psi | 89% | 2838 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 62 | <<locked>> | 98% | 49,356 psi | 90% | 2822 fps | 99.7% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 70 | <<locked>> | 98% | 49,632 psi | 90% | 2848 fps | 99.6% |
| Rottweil R 901 | <<locked>> | 82% | 48,559 psi | 88% | 2628 fps | 100% |
| Rottweil R 902 | <<locked>> | 86% | 47,877 psi | 87% | 2648 fps | 100% |
| Rottweil R 903 | <<locked>> | 92% | 49,052 psi | 89% | 2726 fps | 100% |
| Rottweil R 907 | <<locked>> | 94% | 49,850 psi | 90% | 2707 fps | 97.6% |
| Shooters World Long Rifle | <<locked>> | 94% | 47,819 psi | 87% | 2684 fps | 98.9% |
| Shooters World Match Rifle | <<locked>> | 84% | 47,747 psi | 87% | 2677 fps | 100% |
| Shooters World Precision | <<locked>> | 88% | 48,820 psi | 89% | 2684 fps | 100% |
| Shooters World SW4350 | <<locked>> | 96% | 48,312 psi | 88% | 2713 fps | 98.2% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 11 | <<locked>> | 90% | 47,558 psi | 86% | 2740 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 7 | <<locked>> | 84% | 49,226 psi | 89% | 2697 fps | 99.4% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 9 | <<locked>> | 84% | 47,021 psi | 85% | 2677 fps | 99.9% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 3000 | <<locked>> | 84% | 49,168 psi | 89% | 2589 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 5000 | <<locked>> | 90% | 49,023 psi | 89% | 2589 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 7000 | <<locked>> | 94% | 47,776 psi | 87% | 2635 fps | 97.7% |
| Somchem S335 | <<locked>> | 84% | 48,414 psi | 88% | 2589 fps | 100% |
| Somchem S341 | <<locked>> | 84% | 48,689 psi | 88% | 2687 fps | 100% |
| Somchem S355 | <<locked>> | 92% | 49,748 psi | 90% | 2726 fps | 100% |
| Somchem S365ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 46,789 psi | 85% | 2785 fps | 100% |
| Somchem S385ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 43,787 psi | 79% | 2674 fps | 96.5% |
| Vihtavuori N133 | <<locked>> | 84% | 49,385 psi | 90% | 2575 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N135 | <<locked>> | 86% | 47,514 psi | 86% | 2615 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N140 | <<locked>> | 86% | 48,269 psi | 88% | 2631 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N150 | <<locked>> | 92% | 47,703 psi | 87% | 2657 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N160 | <<locked>> | 96% | 48,428 psi | 88% | 2733 fps | 99.6% |
| Vihtavuori N530 | <<locked>> | 82% | 47,819 psi | 87% | 2648 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N540 | <<locked>> | 88% | 49,661 psi | 90% | 2677 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N550 | <<locked>> | 96% | 47,514 psi | 86% | 2743 fps | 99.5% |
| Vihtavuori N555ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 39,639 psi | 72% | 2680 fps | 99.3% |
| Winchester 6.5 StaBALL | <<locked>> | 96% | 48,849 psi | 89% | 2713 fps | 100% |
| Winchester 748 | <<locked>> | 82% | 47,427 psi | 86% | 2697 fps | 100% |
| Winchester 760 | <<locked>> | 96% | 49,676 psi | 90% | 2802 fps | 98.4% |
| Winchester StaBALL HDᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 32,793 psi | 60% | 2618 fps | 99.4% |
| Winchester StaBALL Match | <<locked>> | 86% | 49,734 psi | 90% | 2730 fps | 100% |
Recommended = one of the top powders for this cartridge and bullet combination.
Start Load - Barrel Length: 31"
| Powder | Charge | FR | MaxP | % | V(0) | z |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Accurate 2015 | <<locked>> | 80% | 46,485 psi | 84% | 2556 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2495 | <<locked>> | 80% | 39,015 psi | 71% | 2493 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2520 | <<locked>> | 80% | 45,876 psi | 83% | 2638 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2700 | <<locked>> | 82% | 41,379 psi | 75% | 2513 fps | 95.4% |
| Accurate 3100 | <<locked>> | 96% | 32,924 psi | 60% | 2474 fps | 95.2% |
| Accurate 4064 | <<locked>> | 80% | 36,927 psi | 67% | 2493 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 4350 | <<locked>> | 82% | 28,601 psi | 52% | 2379 fps | 95.5% |
| ADI AR 2206H | <<locked>> | 80% | 42,830 psi | 78% | 2605 fps | 99.7% |
| ADI AR 2208 | <<locked>> | 80% | 36,376 psi | 66% | 2464 fps | 98.3% |
| ADI Benchmark 8208 | <<locked>> | 80% | 44,904 psi | 81% | 2608 fps | 100% |
| Alliant AR-Comp | <<locked>> | 80% | 44,875 psi | 81% | 2585 fps | 100% |
| Alliant Power Pro 2000-MR | <<locked>> | 80% | 38,769 psi | 70% | 2641 fps | 98.8% |
| Alliant Reloder- TS 15.5 | <<locked>> | 80% | 35,911 psi | 65% | 2487 fps | 99.4% |
| Alliant Reloder-15 | <<locked>> | 80% | 38,624 psi | 70% | 2546 fps | 98.9% |
| Alliant Reloder-16 | <<locked>> | 82% | 29,791 psi | 54% | 2398 fps | 95.7% |
| Alliant Reloder-17 | 44.8 gr | 80% | 30,980 psi | 56% | 2464 fps | 98% |
| Alliant Reloder-23 | <<locked>> | 88% | 25,599 psi | 46% | 2310 fps | 95.3% |
| Alliant Reloder-26 | <<locked>> | 92% | 30,850 psi | 56% | 2523 fps | 95.4% |
| Baschieri & Pellagri 107 | <<locked>> | 80% | 41,785 psi | 76% | 2608 fps | 99% |
| Bofors RP3 | <<locked>> | 80% | 35,288 psi | 64% | 2490 fps | 99.4% |
| Bofors RP7 | <<locked>> | 86% | 38,899 psi | 71% | 2510 fps | 95% |
| Hodgdon Benchmark | <<locked>> | 80% | 46,586 psi | 85% | 2592 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon BL-C2 | <<locked>> | 80% | 43,540 psi | 79% | 2635 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon H380 | <<locked>> | 80% | 36,274 psi | 66% | 2493 fps | 97.4% |
| Hodgdon H414 | <<locked>> | 88% | 38,189 psi | 69% | 2589 fps | 95.7% |
| Hodgdon H4350 | <<locked>> | 88% | 41,756 psi | 76% | 2605 fps | 95.1% |
| Hodgdon H4895 | <<locked>> | 80% | 43,221 psi | 78% | 2615 fps | 99.9% |
| Hodgdon Hybrid 100V | <<locked>> | 80% | 25,585 psi | 46% | 2251 fps | 95.7% |
| Hodgdon LEVERevolution | <<locked>> | 80% | 39,059 psi | 71% | 2592 fps | 99.8% |
| Hodgdon Superformance | 53.2 gr | 90% | 40,451 psi | 73% | 2654 fps | 95.7% |
| Hodgdon TrailBoss | <<locked>> | 80% | 26,324 psi | 48% | 1483 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon VARGET | <<locked>> | 80% | 41,350 psi | 75% | 2566 fps | 99.7% |
| IMR 3031 | <<locked>> | 80% | 42,554 psi | 77% | 2598 fps | 100% |
| IMR 4064 | <<locked>> | 80% | 38,174 psi | 69% | 2493 fps | 98.8% |
| IMR 4166 Enduron | <<locked>> | 80% | 40,770 psi | 74% | 2513 fps | 96.1% |
| IMR 4350 | <<locked>> | 90% | 38,812 psi | 70% | 2533 fps | 95% |
| IMR 4451 Enduron | <<locked>> | 84% | 38,261 psi | 69% | 2493 fps | 95.3% |
| IMR 4831 | <<locked>> | 82% | 28,210 psi | 51% | 2346 fps | 95.3% |
| IMR 4895 | <<locked>> | 80% | 39,552 psi | 72% | 2575 fps | 99.4% |
| IMR 8208 XBR | <<locked>> | 80% | 44,904 psi | 81% | 2608 fps | 100% |
| Lovex D073.6 | <<locked>> | 80% | 41,742 psi | 76% | 2582 fps | 100% |
| Lovex S060 | <<locked>> | 80% | 43,004 psi | 78% | 2539 fps | 99.7% |
| Lovex S062 | <<locked>> | 80% | 38,058 psi | 69% | 2497 fps | 99.8% |
| Lovex S065 | <<locked>> | 82% | 33,272 psi | 60% | 2398 fps | 95.4% |
| Lovex S070 | <<locked>> | 86% | 35,607 psi | 65% | 2470 fps | 95% |
| Norma 201 | <<locked>> | 80% | 41,843 psi | 76% | 2552 fps | 100% |
| Norma 202 | <<locked>> | 80% | 42,221 psi | 77% | 2562 fps | 100% |
| Norma 203B | <<locked>> | 80% | 38,000 psi | 69% | 2536 fps | 99.2% |
| Norma 204 | <<locked>> | 94% | 43,990 psi | 80% | 2671 fps | 95% |
| Norma MRP | <<locked>> | 98% | 38,174 psi | 69% | 2664 fps | 95.3% |
| Norma URP | <<locked>> | 82% | 29,573 psi | 54% | 2388 fps | 95.5% |
| Ramshot Big Game | <<locked>> | 80% | 37,420 psi | 68% | 2549 fps | 99% |
| Ramshot Hunter | <<locked>> | 88% | 35,085 psi | 64% | 2526 fps | 95.6% |
| Ramshot TAC | <<locked>> | 80% | 44,643 psi | 81% | 2618 fps | 98.5% |
| Ramshot Wild Boar | <<locked>> | 80% | 44,063 psi | 80% | 2638 fps | 99.8% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 14 | <<locked>> | 80% | 26,687 psi | 48% | 1519 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 50 | <<locked>> | 80% | 36,840 psi | 67% | 2477 fps | 95.8% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 52 | <<locked>> | 80% | 40,277 psi | 73% | 2644 fps | 99.2% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 60 | <<locked>> | 80% | 32,996 psi | 60% | 2526 fps | 99.9% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 62 | <<locked>> | 84% | 30,603 psi | 56% | 2448 fps | 95.8% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 70 | 48.9 gr | 86% | 33,315 psi | 60% | 2513 fps | 95.8% |
| Rottweil R 901 | <<locked>> | 80% | 45,818 psi | 83% | 2585 fps | 100% |
| Rottweil R 902 | <<locked>> | 80% | 39,856 psi | 72% | 2510 fps | 99.9% |
| Rottweil R 903 | <<locked>> | 80% | 33,257 psi | 60% | 2438 fps | 98.8% |
| Rottweil R 907 | <<locked>> | 86% | 38,899 psi | 71% | 2510 fps | 95% |
| Shooters World Long Rifle | <<locked>> | 82% | 33,272 psi | 60% | 2398 fps | 95.4% |
| Shooters World Match Rifle | <<locked>> | 80% | 41,742 psi | 76% | 2582 fps | 100% |
| Shooters World Precision | <<locked>> | 80% | 38,058 psi | 69% | 2497 fps | 99.8% |
| Shooters World SW4350 | <<locked>> | 86% | 35,607 psi | 65% | 2470 fps | 95% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 11 | <<locked>> | 80% | 34,287 psi | 62% | 2487 fps | 98.4% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 7 | <<locked>> | 80% | 42,931 psi | 78% | 2592 fps | 98.6% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 9 | <<locked>> | 80% | 41,336 psi | 75% | 2579 fps | 99.5% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 3000 | <<locked>> | 80% | 43,511 psi | 79% | 2503 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 5000 | <<locked>> | 80% | 36,114 psi | 66% | 2385 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 7000 | <<locked>> | 86% | 36,840 psi | 67% | 2441 fps | 95.2% |
| Somchem S335 | <<locked>> | 80% | 42,830 psi | 78% | 2503 fps | 100% |
| Somchem S341 | <<locked>> | 80% | 42,525 psi | 77% | 2585 fps | 99.6% |
| Somchem S355 | <<locked>> | 80% | 34,142 psi | 62% | 2441 fps | 98.8% |
| Somchem S365 | <<locked>> | 80% | 24,743 psi | 45% | 2287 fps | 96.9% |
| Somchem S385 | <<locked>> | 96% | 38,537 psi | 70% | 2575 fps | 95.1% |
| Vihtavuori N133 | <<locked>> | 80% | 43,816 psi | 80% | 2493 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N135 | <<locked>> | 80% | 39,363 psi | 71% | 2490 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N140 | <<locked>> | 80% | 39,856 psi | 72% | 2497 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N150 | <<locked>> | 80% | 32,503 psi | 59% | 2382 fps | 99.3% |
| Vihtavuori N160 | <<locked>> | 80% | 28,964 psi | 53% | 2336 fps | 95.1% |
| Vihtavuori N530 | <<locked>> | 80% | 44,759 psi | 81% | 2602 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N540 | <<locked>> | 80% | 38,392 psi | 70% | 2493 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N550 | <<locked>> | 82% | 30,211 psi | 55% | 2392 fps | 95.6% |
| Vihtavuori N555 | <<locked>> | 88% | 27,035 psi | 49% | 2379 fps | 95.5% |
| Winchester 6.5 StaBALL | <<locked>> | 80% | 28,877 psi | 52% | 2313 fps | 97.3% |
| Winchester 748 | <<locked>> | 80% | 44,353 psi | 80% | 2648 fps | 100% |
| Winchester 760 | <<locked>> | 88% | 38,189 psi | 69% | 2589 fps | 95.7% |
| Winchester StaBALL HD | <<locked>> | 92% | 25,570 psi | 46% | 2382 fps | 95.8% |
| Winchester StaBALL Match | <<locked>> | 80% | 40,625 psi | 74% | 2582 fps | 99.7% |
Recommended = one of the top powders for this cartridge and bullet combination.
ᴾ possible press load - work up slowly to this load while watching for signs of excessive pressure.
This overview compares 94 powders for 7.5 x 55 Swiss loaded with the .308 | 180gr | Sako SuperHammerhead. ReloadSwiss RS 70 delivers the highest muzzle velocity at 2,848 fps; across all powders the maximum-charge window runs from 1,660 fps to 2,848 fps. Accurate 3100 gives the best case fill at 100 %, and 94 of the 94 powders fall inside the usable 80–100 % fill window.
Relative to the caliber's maximum pressure (380 MPa), the top charges use 60–90 %, leaving at least 10 % headroom. The 180.0 gr projectile in 0.308" calls for a 1:14.0 twist; slower twists will usually not stabilise this weight. Accurate 3100, Alliant Reloder-23, Alliant Reloder-26 reach 100 % fill or more at maximum charge, so these are compressed loads: they need a long drop tube to seat cleanly and react sensitively to the case capacity of your own brass lot. ReloadSwiss RS 70, Hodgdon Superformance, Alliant Reloder-17 rank at the top here: for 7.5 x 55 Swiss with the .308 | 180gr | Sako SuperHammerhead they combine a high case fill with complete burn and sit in the upper velocity band. Always begin at the start load and work up in small increments while checking case and primer for pressure signs.