Load Specifications
Load data in caliber 7.5 x 55 Swiss with .308 | 180gr | Nosler Solid Base bullet and 94 powders. The key underlying parameters are shown in the table above. The recommended powders for this cartridge and bullet combination are Alliant Reloder-17, ReloadSwiss RS 60 and Winchester 760.
Important Notice: DO NOT go below Minimum Charge or above Maximum Charge. Since we have no control over the equipment and components used, any responsibility and liability for the results achieved is rejected.
Only powders/loads that match the current filter criteria are displayed: max pressure of a load ≤ 90% of max. standardized pressure, fill rate ≥ 80% and propellant combustion ≥ 95%. Use the sliders above the tables to adjust these thresholds.
Charge: Powder weight in grains. Start with the minimum load and work up carefully.
FR (Fill Rate): Case fill as a percentage. Values above 100% mean compressed loads.
MaxP / %: Maximum chamber pressure in bar and as a percentage of the standardized maximum for this caliber.
V(0): Muzzle velocity in feet per second (fps) at the standardized barrel length.
z (Powder Burn): Estimated propellant combustion percentage at bullet exit.
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You can find more information in our FAQ: How can I use the Personalized Load Calculator?
Max Load - Barrel Length: 31"
| Powder | Charge | FR | MaxP | % | V(0) | z |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Accurate 2015 | <<locked>> | 82% | 48,138 psi | 87% | 2569 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2495 | <<locked>> | 88% | 49,153 psi | 89% | 2638 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2520 | <<locked>> | 82% | 47,703 psi | 87% | 2651 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2700 | <<locked>> | 88% | 48,878 psi | 89% | 2628 fps | 96.9% |
| Accurate 3100ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 36,245 psi | 66% | 2533 fps | 96.1% |
| Accurate 4064 | <<locked>> | 90% | 49,139 psi | 89% | 2680 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 4350 | <<locked>> | 98% | 47,659 psi | 86% | 2753 fps | 99.6% |
| ADI AR 2206H | <<locked>> | 84% | 47,181 psi | 86% | 2667 fps | 99.9% |
| ADI AR 2208 | <<locked>> | 90% | 48,022 psi | 87% | 2664 fps | 99.7% |
| ADI Benchmark 8208 | <<locked>> | 84% | 49,472 psi | 90% | 2667 fps | 100% |
| Alliant AR-Comp | <<locked>> | 84% | 49,574 psi | 90% | 2638 fps | 100% |
| Alliant Power Pro 2000-MR | <<locked>> | 88% | 49,066 psi | 89% | 2822 fps | 99.9% |
| Alliant Reloder- TS 15.5 | <<locked>> | 90% | 47,543 psi | 86% | 2687 fps | 100% |
| Alliant Reloder-15 | <<locked>> | 88% | 48,341 psi | 88% | 2710 fps | 99.8% |
| Alliant Reloder-16 | <<locked>> | 98% | 46,978 psi | 85% | 2762 fps | 99.7% |
| Alliant Reloder-17 | <<locked>> | 94% | 47,630 psi | 86% | 2799 fps | 100% |
| Alliant Reloder-23ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 35,578 psi | 65% | 2572 fps | 99% |
| Alliant Reloder-26ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 39,204 psi | 71% | 2717 fps | 98.2% |
| Baschieri & Pellagri 107 | <<locked>> | 86% | 49,545 psi | 90% | 2726 fps | 99.7% |
| Bofors RP3 | <<locked>> | 90% | 47,645 psi | 86% | 2700 fps | 100% |
| Bofors RP7 | <<locked>> | 94% | 48,573 psi | 88% | 2671 fps | 97.2% |
| Hodgdon Benchmark | <<locked>> | 82% | 48,327 psi | 88% | 2602 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon BL-C2 | <<locked>> | 84% | 48,066 psi | 87% | 2694 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon CFE223 | <<locked>> | 82% | 49,661 psi | 90% | 2785 fps | 99.9% |
| Hodgdon H380 | <<locked>> | 90% | 48,747 psi | 88% | 2710 fps | 99.4% |
| Hodgdon H414 | <<locked>> | 96% | 47,761 psi | 87% | 2753 fps | 97.8% |
| Hodgdon H4350 | <<locked>> | 94% | 49,081 psi | 89% | 2717 fps | 96.6% |
| Hodgdon H4895 | <<locked>> | 84% | 47,601 psi | 86% | 2677 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon Hybrid 100Vᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 46,180 psi | 84% | 2690 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon LEVERevolution | <<locked>> | 88% | 49,385 psi | 90% | 2753 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon Superformance | <<locked>> | 96% | 48,341 psi | 88% | 2782 fps | 97.4% |
| Hodgdon TrailBossᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 35,027 psi | 64% | 1640 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon VARGET | <<locked>> | 86% | 48,762 psi | 88% | 2680 fps | 100% |
| IMR 3031 | <<locked>> | 84% | 46,963 psi | 85% | 2657 fps | 100% |
| IMR 4064 | <<locked>> | 88% | 47,587 psi | 86% | 2648 fps | 99.8% |
| IMR 4166 Enduron | <<locked>> | 86% | 47,993 psi | 87% | 2628 fps | 97.5% |
| IMR 4350 | <<locked>> | 98% | 48,399 psi | 88% | 2694 fps | 97.2% |
| IMR 4451 Enduron | <<locked>> | 92% | 47,543 psi | 86% | 2654 fps | 97.4% |
| IMR 4831ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 48,573 psi | 88% | 2746 fps | 99.7% |
| IMR 4895 | <<locked>> | 88% | 49,545 psi | 90% | 2740 fps | 100% |
| IMR 8208 XBR | <<locked>> | 84% | 49,472 psi | 90% | 2667 fps | 100% |
| Lovex D073.6 | <<locked>> | 86% | 49,342 psi | 90% | 2687 fps | 100% |
| Lovex S060 | <<locked>> | 84% | 47,311 psi | 86% | 2598 fps | 99.9% |
| Lovex S062 | <<locked>> | 88% | 47,239 psi | 86% | 2644 fps | 100% |
| Lovex S065 | <<locked>> | 96% | 49,342 psi | 90% | 2690 fps | 98.9% |
| Lovex S070 | <<locked>> | 96% | 47,065 psi | 85% | 2677 fps | 97.7% |
| Norma 201 | <<locked>> | 86% | 49,226 psi | 89% | 2664 fps | 100% |
| Norma 202 | <<locked>> | 86% | 49,443 psi | 90% | 2664 fps | 100% |
| Norma 203B | <<locked>> | 88% | 47,558 psi | 86% | 2697 fps | 99.9% |
| Norma 204 | <<locked>> | 98% | 48,573 psi | 88% | 2733 fps | 95.9% |
| Norma URP | <<locked>> | 98% | 47,543 psi | 86% | 2749 fps | 99.5% |
| Ramshot Big Game | <<locked>> | 88% | 47,239 psi | 86% | 2713 fps | 99.9% |
| Ramshot Hunterᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 49,835 psi | 90% | 2795 fps | 98.8% |
| Ramshot TAC | <<locked>> | 84% | 49,530 psi | 90% | 2684 fps | 99% |
| Ramshot Wild Boar | <<locked>> | 84% | 48,950 psi | 89% | 2703 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 14ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 35,592 psi | 65% | 1683 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 50 | <<locked>> | 90% | 49,400 psi | 90% | 2694 fps | 98.4% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 52 | <<locked>> | 86% | 47,863 psi | 87% | 2766 fps | 99.8% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 60 | <<locked>> | 92% | 47,529 psi | 86% | 2802 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 62 | <<locked>> | 98% | 47,485 psi | 86% | 2779 fps | 99.5% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 70 | <<locked>> | 98% | 48,095 psi | 87% | 2805 fps | 99.3% |
| Rottweil R 901 | <<locked>> | 82% | 47,369 psi | 86% | 2598 fps | 100% |
| Rottweil R 902 | <<locked>> | 88% | 49,487 psi | 90% | 2657 fps | 100% |
| Rottweil R 903 | <<locked>> | 92% | 47,471 psi | 86% | 2690 fps | 100% |
| Rottweil R 907 | <<locked>> | 94% | 48,573 psi | 88% | 2671 fps | 97.2% |
| Shooters World Long Rifle | <<locked>> | 96% | 49,342 psi | 90% | 2690 fps | 98.9% |
| Shooters World Match Rifle | <<locked>> | 86% | 49,342 psi | 90% | 2687 fps | 100% |
| Shooters World Precision | <<locked>> | 88% | 47,239 psi | 86% | 2644 fps | 100% |
| Shooters World SW4350 | <<locked>> | 96% | 47,065 psi | 85% | 2677 fps | 97.7% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 11 | <<locked>> | 92% | 49,110 psi | 89% | 2749 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 7 | <<locked>> | 84% | 47,776 psi | 87% | 2661 fps | 99.1% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 9 | <<locked>> | 86% | 48,646 psi | 88% | 2687 fps | 99.9% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 3000 | <<locked>> | 84% | 47,761 psi | 87% | 2556 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 5000 | <<locked>> | 90% | 47,747 psi | 87% | 2559 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 7000 | <<locked>> | 96% | 49,487 psi | 90% | 2644 fps | 97.8% |
| Somchem S335 | <<locked>> | 84% | 47,123 psi | 86% | 2556 fps | 100% |
| Somchem S341 | <<locked>> | 84% | 47,282 psi | 86% | 2651 fps | 99.9% |
| Somchem S355 | <<locked>> | 92% | 48,254 psi | 88% | 2690 fps | 100% |
| Somchem S365ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 45,237 psi | 82% | 2749 fps | 100% |
| Somchem S385ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 42,119 psi | 76% | 2631 fps | 95.8% |
| Vihtavuori N133 | <<locked>> | 84% | 47,964 psi | 87% | 2543 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N135 | <<locked>> | 88% | 48,994 psi | 89% | 2625 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N140 | <<locked>> | 86% | 46,746 psi | 85% | 2595 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N150 | <<locked>> | 94% | 49,255 psi | 89% | 2667 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N160 | <<locked>> | 98% | 49,850 psi | 90% | 2740 fps | 99.6% |
| Vihtavuori N530 | <<locked>> | 84% | 49,821 psi | 90% | 2667 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N540 | <<locked>> | 88% | 48,254 psi | 88% | 2644 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N550 | <<locked>> | 98% | 48,892 psi | 89% | 2749 fps | 99.5% |
| Vihtavuori N555ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 38,145 psi | 69% | 2641 fps | 98.9% |
| Winchester 6.5 StaBALL | <<locked>> | 96% | 47,326 psi | 86% | 2674 fps | 100% |
| Winchester 748 | <<locked>> | 84% | 49,037 psi | 89% | 2707 fps | 100% |
| Winchester 760 | <<locked>> | 96% | 48,095 psi | 87% | 2759 fps | 97.9% |
| Winchester StaBALL HDᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 31,720 psi | 58% | 2569 fps | 98.9% |
| Winchester StaBALL Match | <<locked>> | 86% | 48,254 psi | 88% | 2697 fps | 100% |
Recommended = one of the top powders for this cartridge and bullet combination.
Start Load - Barrel Length: 31"
| Powder | Charge | FR | MaxP | % | V(0) | z |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Accurate 2015 | <<locked>> | 80% | 45,208 psi | 82% | 2526 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2495 | <<locked>> | 80% | 37,797 psi | 69% | 2464 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2520 | <<locked>> | 80% | 44,527 psi | 81% | 2605 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2700 | <<locked>> | 84% | 43,105 psi | 78% | 2530 fps | 95.5% |
| Accurate 3100 | <<locked>> | 98% | 33,678 psi | 61% | 2477 fps | 95.2% |
| Accurate 4064 | <<locked>> | 80% | 35,737 psi | 65% | 2461 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 4350 | <<locked>> | 84% | 29,515 psi | 54% | 2395 fps | 95.7% |
| ADI AR 2206H | <<locked>> | 80% | 41,524 psi | 75% | 2569 fps | 99.5% |
| ADI AR 2208 | <<locked>> | 80% | 35,418 psi | 64% | 2428 fps | 97.9% |
| ADI Benchmark 8208 | <<locked>> | 80% | 43,569 psi | 79% | 2572 fps | 100% |
| Alliant AR-Comp | <<locked>> | 80% | 43,439 psi | 79% | 2556 fps | 100% |
| Alliant Power Pro 2000-MR | <<locked>> | 80% | 37,521 psi | 68% | 2598 fps | 98.4% |
| Alliant Reloder- TS 15.5 | <<locked>> | 80% | 34,664 psi | 63% | 2451 fps | 99% |
| Alliant Reloder-15 | <<locked>> | 80% | 37,362 psi | 68% | 2510 fps | 98.5% |
| Alliant Reloder-16 | <<locked>> | 84% | 30,850 psi | 56% | 2411 fps | 95.9% |
| Alliant Reloder-17 | 43.5 gr | 80% | 30,066 psi | 55% | 2428 fps | 97.5% |
| Alliant Reloder-23 | <<locked>> | 90% | 26,382 psi | 48% | 2323 fps | 95.5% |
| Alliant Reloder-26 | <<locked>> | 94% | 31,865 psi | 58% | 2536 fps | 95.5% |
| Baschieri & Pellagri 107 | <<locked>> | 80% | 40,640 psi | 74% | 2575 fps | 98.7% |
| Bofors RP3 | <<locked>> | 80% | 34,258 psi | 62% | 2457 fps | 99.1% |
| Bofors RP7 | <<locked>> | 88% | 40,234 psi | 73% | 2520 fps | 95.1% |
| Hodgdon Benchmark | <<locked>> | 80% | 45,556 psi | 83% | 2559 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon BL-C2 | <<locked>> | 80% | 42,018 psi | 76% | 2595 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon CFE223 | <<locked>> | 80% | 46,340 psi | 84% | 2733 fps | 99.8% |
| Hodgdon H380 | <<locked>> | 80% | 35,143 psi | 64% | 2454 fps | 96.8% |
| Hodgdon H414 | <<locked>> | 88% | 36,999 psi | 67% | 2549 fps | 95% |
| Hodgdon H4350 | <<locked>> | 90% | 43,294 psi | 79% | 2618 fps | 95.2% |
| Hodgdon H4895 | <<locked>> | 80% | 41,901 psi | 76% | 2579 fps | 99.7% |
| Hodgdon Hybrid 100V | <<locked>> | 82% | 26,426 psi | 48% | 2264 fps | 95.8% |
| Hodgdon LEVERevolution | <<locked>> | 80% | 37,855 psi | 69% | 2556 fps | 99.6% |
| Hodgdon Superformance | <<locked>> | 92% | 42,061 psi | 76% | 2667 fps | 95.8% |
| Hodgdon TrailBoss | <<locked>> | 80% | 26,252 psi | 48% | 1470 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon VARGET | <<locked>> | 80% | 40,335 psi | 73% | 2536 fps | 99.6% |
| IMR 3031 | <<locked>> | 80% | 41,234 psi | 75% | 2569 fps | 100% |
| IMR 4064 | <<locked>> | 80% | 37,159 psi | 67% | 2457 fps | 98.5% |
| IMR 4166 Enduron | <<locked>> | 80% | 39,639 psi | 72% | 2474 fps | 95.5% |
| IMR 4350 | <<locked>> | 92% | 40,219 psi | 73% | 2546 fps | 95.2% |
| IMR 4451 Enduron | <<locked>> | 86% | 39,537 psi | 72% | 2507 fps | 95.4% |
| IMR 4831 | <<locked>> | 84% | 28,979 psi | 53% | 2359 fps | 95.4% |
| IMR 4895 | <<locked>> | 80% | 38,261 psi | 69% | 2539 fps | 99.1% |
| IMR 8208 XBR | <<locked>> | 80% | 43,569 psi | 79% | 2572 fps | 100% |
| Lovex D073.6 | <<locked>> | 80% | 40,379 psi | 73% | 2546 fps | 100% |
| Lovex S060 | <<locked>> | 80% | 41,989 psi | 76% | 2507 fps | 99.5% |
| Lovex S062 | <<locked>> | 80% | 37,014 psi | 67% | 2464 fps | 99.6% |
| Lovex S065 | <<locked>> | 84% | 34,214 psi | 62% | 2405 fps | 95.5% |
| Lovex S070 | <<locked>> | 88% | 36,738 psi | 67% | 2484 fps | 95.1% |
| Norma 201 | <<locked>> | 80% | 40,756 psi | 74% | 2520 fps | 99.9% |
| Norma 202 | <<locked>> | 80% | 40,843 psi | 74% | 2526 fps | 100% |
| Norma 203B | <<locked>> | 80% | 36,753 psi | 67% | 2500 fps | 98.8% |
| Norma 204 | <<locked>> | 96% | 45,339 psi | 82% | 2677 fps | 95.1% |
| Norma URP | <<locked>> | 84% | 30,414 psi | 55% | 2398 fps | 95.6% |
| Ramshot Big Game | <<locked>> | 80% | 36,100 psi | 66% | 2510 fps | 98.6% |
| Ramshot Hunter | <<locked>> | 90% | 36,100 psi | 66% | 2536 fps | 95.6% |
| Ramshot TAC | <<locked>> | 80% | 43,569 psi | 79% | 2582 fps | 98.1% |
| Ramshot Wild Boar | <<locked>> | 80% | 42,888 psi | 78% | 2602 fps | 99.6% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 14 | <<locked>> | 80% | 26,382 psi | 48% | 1503 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 50 | <<locked>> | 80% | 35,766 psi | 65% | 2438 fps | 95.1% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 52 | <<locked>> | 80% | 38,870 psi | 71% | 2605 fps | 98.9% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 60 | 43.5 gr | 80% | 31,995 psi | 58% | 2490 fps | 99.7% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 62 | <<locked>> | 84% | 29,704 psi | 54% | 2411 fps | 95.1% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 70 | <<locked>> | 88% | 34,374 psi | 62% | 2523 fps | 95.9% |
| Rottweil R 901 | <<locked>> | 80% | 44,846 psi | 81% | 2559 fps | 100% |
| Rottweil R 902 | <<locked>> | 80% | 38,769 psi | 70% | 2477 fps | 99.7% |
| Rottweil R 903 | <<locked>> | 80% | 32,271 psi | 59% | 2402 fps | 98.4% |
| Rottweil R 907 | <<locked>> | 88% | 40,234 psi | 73% | 2520 fps | 95.1% |
| Shooters World Long Rifle | <<locked>> | 84% | 34,214 psi | 62% | 2405 fps | 95.5% |
| Shooters World Match Rifle | <<locked>> | 80% | 40,379 psi | 73% | 2546 fps | 100% |
| Shooters World Precision | <<locked>> | 80% | 37,014 psi | 67% | 2464 fps | 99.6% |
| Shooters World SW4350 | <<locked>> | 88% | 36,738 psi | 67% | 2484 fps | 95.1% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 11 | <<locked>> | 80% | 33,257 psi | 60% | 2451 fps | 97.9% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 7 | <<locked>> | 80% | 41,510 psi | 75% | 2552 fps | 98.2% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 9 | <<locked>> | 80% | 40,161 psi | 73% | 2543 fps | 99.3% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 3000 | <<locked>> | 80% | 42,380 psi | 77% | 2474 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 5000 | <<locked>> | 80% | 35,056 psi | 64% | 2352 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 7000 | <<locked>> | 88% | 38,101 psi | 69% | 2451 fps | 95.3% |
| Somchem S335 | <<locked>> | 80% | 41,800 psi | 76% | 2474 fps | 100% |
| Somchem S341 | <<locked>> | 80% | 41,408 psi | 75% | 2552 fps | 99.4% |
| Somchem S355 | <<locked>> | 80% | 33,156 psi | 60% | 2408 fps | 98.4% |
| Somchem S365 | <<locked>> | 80% | 24,018 psi | 44% | 2251 fps | 96.2% |
| Somchem S385 | <<locked>> | 98% | 39,581 psi | 72% | 2582 fps | 95.1% |
| Vihtavuori N133 | <<locked>> | 80% | 42,612 psi | 77% | 2464 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N135 | <<locked>> | 80% | 38,116 psi | 69% | 2457 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N140 | <<locked>> | 80% | 38,812 psi | 70% | 2467 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N150 | <<locked>> | 80% | 31,531 psi | 57% | 2349 fps | 99% |
| Vihtavuori N160 | <<locked>> | 82% | 29,965 psi | 54% | 2349 fps | 95.3% |
| Vihtavuori N530 | <<locked>> | 80% | 43,685 psi | 79% | 2569 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N540 | <<locked>> | 80% | 37,217 psi | 68% | 2461 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N550 | <<locked>> | 84% | 31,082 psi | 56% | 2402 fps | 95.7% |
| Vihtavuori N555 | <<locked>> | 90% | 27,775 psi | 50% | 2392 fps | 95.6% |
| Winchester 6.5 StaBALL | <<locked>> | 80% | 28,166 psi | 51% | 2280 fps | 96.7% |
| Winchester 748 | <<locked>> | 80% | 43,018 psi | 78% | 2615 fps | 100% |
| Winchester 760 | 46.8 gr | 88% | 36,999 psi | 67% | 2549 fps | 95% |
| Winchester StaBALL HD | <<locked>> | 94% | 26,339 psi | 48% | 2392 fps | 95.9% |
| Winchester StaBALL Match | <<locked>> | 80% | 39,421 psi | 72% | 2546 fps | 99.5% |
Recommended = one of the top powders for this cartridge and bullet combination.
ᴾ possible press load - work up slowly to this load while watching for signs of excessive pressure.
This overview compares 94 powders for 7.5 x 55 Swiss loaded with the .308 | 180gr | Nosler Solid Base. Alliant Power Pro 2000-MR delivers the highest muzzle velocity at 2,822 fps; across all powders the maximum-charge window runs from 1,640 fps to 2,822 fps. Accurate 3100 gives the best case fill at 100 %, and 94 of the 94 powders fall inside the usable 80–100 % fill window.
Relative to the caliber's maximum pressure (380 MPa), the top charges use 58–90 %, leaving at least 10 % headroom. The 180.0 gr projectile in 0.308" calls for a 1:12.5 twist; slower twists will usually not stabilise this weight. Accurate 3100, Alliant Reloder-23, Alliant Reloder-26 reach 100 % fill or more at maximum charge, so these are compressed loads: they need a long drop tube to seat cleanly and react sensitively to the case capacity of your own brass lot. Alliant Reloder-17, ReloadSwiss RS 60, Winchester 760 rank at the top here: for 7.5 x 55 Swiss with the .308 | 180gr | Nosler Solid Base they combine a high case fill with complete burn and sit in the upper velocity band. Always begin at the start load and work up in small increments while checking case and primer for pressure signs.