Load Specifications
Load data in caliber 7 mm Rem. SA Ultra Mag. with .284 | 177gr | Brenneke TIG bullet and 94 powders. The key underlying parameters are shown in the table above. The recommended powders for this cartridge and bullet combination are Norma MRP, Alliant Reloder-26 and Ramshot Grand.
Important Notice: DO NOT go below Minimum Charge or above Maximum Charge. Since we have no control over the equipment and components used, any responsibility and liability for the results achieved is rejected.
Only powders/loads that match the current filter criteria are displayed: max pressure of a load ≤ 90% of max. standardized pressure, fill rate ≥ 80% and propellant combustion ≥ 95%. Use the sliders above the tables to adjust these thresholds.
Charge: Powder weight in grains. Start with the minimum load and work up carefully.
FR (Fill Rate): Case fill as a percentage. Values above 100% mean compressed loads.
MaxP / %: Maximum chamber pressure in bar and as a percentage of the standardized maximum for this caliber.
V(0): Muzzle velocity in feet per second (fps) at the standardized barrel length.
z (Powder Burn): Estimated propellant combustion percentage at bullet exit.
A valid access license is required to use the Personalized Load Calculator.
You can find more information in our FAQ: How can I use the Personalized Load Calculator?
Max Load - Barrel Length: 24"
| Powder | Charge | FR | MaxP | % | V(0) | z |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Accurate 2700 | <<locked>> | 86% | 58,059 psi | 89% | 2635 fps | 99.8% |
| Accurate 3100 | <<locked>> | 98% | 55,999 psi | 86% | 2687 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 4064 | <<locked>> | 82% | 56,942 psi | 88% | 2602 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 4350 | <<locked>> | 90% | 58,015 psi | 89% | 2720 fps | 100% |
| Accurate MAGPRO | <<locked>> | 98% | 54,984 psi | 85% | 2779 fps | 97.1% |
| ADI AR 2208 | <<locked>> | 84% | 56,478 psi | 87% | 2638 fps | 100% |
| ADI AR 2209 | <<locked>> | 96% | 58,682 psi | 90% | 2772 fps | 99.6% |
| ADI AR 2213 | <<locked>> | 98% | 56,391 psi | 87% | 2779 fps | 98.8% |
| ADI AR 2217ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 44,005 psi | 68% | 2562 fps | 96.4% |
| ADI AR 2225ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 38,986 psi | 60% | 2526 fps | 98.2% |
| Alliant Power Pro Varmint | <<locked>> | 96% | 58,755 psi | 90% | 2769 fps | 99.6% |
| Alliant Reloder- TS 15.5 | <<locked>> | 84% | 57,421 psi | 88% | 2657 fps | 100% |
| Alliant Reloder-15 | <<locked>> | 82% | 57,464 psi | 88% | 2677 fps | 100% |
| Alliant Reloder-16 | <<locked>> | 92% | 58,740 psi | 90% | 2769 fps | 100% |
| Alliant Reloder-17 | <<locked>> | 86% | 56,449 psi | 87% | 2743 fps | 100% |
| Alliant Reloder-19 | <<locked>> | 96% | 57,957 psi | 89% | 2762 fps | 99.6% |
| Alliant Reloder-22 | <<locked>> | 98% | 55,883 psi | 86% | 2776 fps | 99.5% |
| Alliant Reloder-23ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 56,463 psi | 87% | 2743 fps | 100% |
| Alliant Reloder-25ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 48,907 psi | 75% | 2697 fps | 100% |
| Alliant Reloder-26 | <<locked>> | 96% | 56,840 psi | 87% | 2835 fps | 100% |
| Baschieri & Pellagri 109ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 58,595 psi | 90% | 2740 fps | 96.4% |
| Bofors RP15ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 54,708 psi | 84% | 2756 fps | 99.3% |
| Bofors RP3 | <<locked>> | 84% | 58,566 psi | 90% | 2674 fps | 100% |
| Bofors RP30ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 44,730 psi | 69% | 2631 fps | 97.3% |
| Bofors RP5 | <<locked>> | 98% | 55,883 psi | 86% | 2776 fps | 99.5% |
| Bofors RP7 | <<locked>> | 88% | 57,595 psi | 89% | 2674 fps | 99.8% |
| Hodgdon H1000ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 44,904 psi | 69% | 2585 fps | 97.3% |
| Hodgdon H380 | <<locked>> | 84% | 58,581 psi | 90% | 2694 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon H414 | <<locked>> | 86% | 57,377 psi | 88% | 2740 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon H4350 | <<locked>> | 90% | 57,725 psi | 89% | 2713 fps | 99.6% |
| Hodgdon H4831ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 55,419 psi | 85% | 2707 fps | 98% |
| Hodgdon H4831 SC | <<locked>> | 96% | 55,419 psi | 85% | 2707 fps | 98% |
| Hodgdon Hybrid 100V | <<locked>> | 92% | 55,332 psi | 85% | 2648 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon Retumboᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 48,037 psi | 74% | 2749 fps | 99.3% |
| Hodgdon Superformance | <<locked>> | 88% | 56,565 psi | 87% | 2762 fps | 99.9% |
| Hodgdon TrailBossᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 36,840 psi | 57% | 1637 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon VARGET | <<locked>> | 82% | 55,767 psi | 86% | 2621 fps | 100% |
| IMR 4064 | <<locked>> | 84% | 55,535 psi | 85% | 2615 fps | 100% |
| IMR 4166 Enduron | <<locked>> | 86% | 57,493 psi | 88% | 2648 fps | 99.9% |
| IMR 4350 | <<locked>> | 92% | 58,581 psi | 90% | 2707 fps | 99.9% |
| IMR 4451 Enduron | <<locked>> | 86% | 55,463 psi | 85% | 2644 fps | 99.9% |
| IMR 4831 | <<locked>> | 94% | 55,651 psi | 86% | 2677 fps | 100% |
| IMR 4955 Enduron | <<locked>> | 96% | 57,667 psi | 89% | 2703 fps | 98.5% |
| IMR 7828 SSC | <<locked>> | 98% | 57,986 psi | 89% | 2815 fps | 99% |
| Lovex S062 | <<locked>> | 82% | 56,202 psi | 86% | 2612 fps | 100% |
| Lovex S065 | <<locked>> | 88% | 55,927 psi | 86% | 2644 fps | 100% |
| Lovex S070 | <<locked>> | 90% | 57,522 psi | 89% | 2690 fps | 100% |
| Lovex S071ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 50,038 psi | 77% | 2602 fps | 99.9% |
| Norma 203B | <<locked>> | 82% | 56,811 psi | 87% | 2664 fps | 100% |
| Norma 204 | <<locked>> | 90% | 56,014 psi | 86% | 2710 fps | 99.3% |
| Norma MRP | <<locked>> | 96% | 55,390 psi | 85% | 2795 fps | 99.9% |
| Norma URP | <<locked>> | 90% | 56,608 psi | 87% | 2707 fps | 100% |
| Ramshot Big Game | <<locked>> | 82% | 57,696 psi | 89% | 2690 fps | 100% |
| Ramshot Grand | <<locked>> | 96% | 58,073 psi | 89% | 2825 fps | 99.3% |
| Ramshot Hunter | <<locked>> | 90% | 55,216 psi | 85% | 2713 fps | 100% |
| Ramshot Magnum | <<locked>> | 98% | 54,665 psi | 84% | 2746 fps | 99.8% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 14ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 37,623 psi | 58% | 1677 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 50 | <<locked>> | 84% | 58,494 psi | 90% | 2684 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 60 | <<locked>> | 84% | 55,782 psi | 86% | 2726 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 62 | <<locked>> | 90% | 57,885 psi | 89% | 2746 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 70 | <<locked>> | 90% | 56,318 psi | 87% | 2776 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 76ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 48,037 psi | 74% | 2746 fps | 99.8% |
| Rottweil R 902 | <<locked>> | 82% | 58,131 psi | 89% | 2618 fps | 100% |
| Rottweil R 903 | <<locked>> | 86% | 58,755 psi | 90% | 2671 fps | 100% |
| Rottweil R 904 | <<locked>> | 94% | 56,449 psi | 87% | 2690 fps | 98.7% |
| Rottweil R 905 | <<locked>> | 96% | 57,522 psi | 89% | 2753 fps | 99.6% |
| Rottweil R 907 | <<locked>> | 88% | 57,595 psi | 89% | 2674 fps | 99.8% |
| Shooters World Long Rifle | <<locked>> | 88% | 55,927 psi | 86% | 2644 fps | 100% |
| Shooters World Precision | <<locked>> | 82% | 56,202 psi | 86% | 2612 fps | 100% |
| Shooters World SW4350 | <<locked>> | 90% | 57,174 psi | 88% | 2684 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 11 | <<locked>> | 84% | 56,565 psi | 87% | 2680 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 5000 | <<locked>> | 84% | 55,477 psi | 85% | 2507 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 7000 | <<locked>> | 88% | 55,463 psi | 85% | 2605 fps | 99.9% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 8000 | <<locked>> | 96% | 57,043 psi | 88% | 2746 fps | 99.6% |
| Somchem S355 | <<locked>> | 86% | 58,305 psi | 90% | 2664 fps | 100% |
| Somchem S361 | <<locked>> | 94% | 58,204 psi | 90% | 2690 fps | 98.4% |
| Somchem S365 | <<locked>> | 92% | 56,231 psi | 87% | 2703 fps | 100% |
| Somchem S385 | <<locked>> | 96% | 58,189 psi | 90% | 2730 fps | 99.9% |
| Unknown powder | <<locked>> | 88% | 56,797 psi | 87% | 2707 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N133 | <<locked>> | 82% | 58,117 psi | 89% | 2523 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N135 | <<locked>> | 86% | 56,478 psi | 87% | 2549 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N140 | <<locked>> | 82% | 57,972 psi | 89% | 2582 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N150 | <<locked>> | 90% | 56,594 psi | 87% | 2605 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N160 | <<locked>> | 88% | 57,246 psi | 88% | 2677 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N165ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 55,434 psi | 85% | 2677 fps | 99.6% |
| Vihtavuori N540 | <<locked>> | 82% | 57,609 psi | 89% | 2608 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N550 | <<locked>> | 88% | 57,812 psi | 89% | 2723 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N555 | <<locked>> | 96% | 55,506 psi | 85% | 2723 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N560 | <<locked>> | 98% | 56,014 psi | 86% | 2799 fps | 98.5% |
| Vihtavuori N565ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 51,256 psi | 79% | 2710 fps | 97.9% |
| Winchester 6.5 StaBALL | <<locked>> | 90% | 57,914 psi | 89% | 2661 fps | 100% |
| Winchester 760 | <<locked>> | 86% | 57,377 psi | 88% | 2740 fps | 100% |
| Winchester StaBALL HDᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 52,953 psi | 81% | 2822 fps | 100% |
| Winchester Supreme 780 | <<locked>> | 94% | 56,028 psi | 86% | 2694 fps | 99.4% |
Recommended = one of the top powders for this cartridge and bullet combination.
Start Load - Barrel Length: 24"
| Powder | Charge | FR | MaxP | % | V(0) | z |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Accurate 2700 | <<locked>> | 80% | 47,935 psi | 74% | 2487 fps | 98.8% |
| Accurate 3100 | <<locked>> | 80% | 30,603 psi | 47% | 2231 fps | 96.1% |
| Accurate 4064 | <<locked>> | 80% | 53,461 psi | 82% | 2559 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 4350 | <<locked>> | 80% | 41,350 psi | 64% | 2467 fps | 99.8% |
| Accurate MAGPRO | <<locked>> | 94% | 47,659 psi | 73% | 2657 fps | 95.4% |
| ADI AR 2208 | <<locked>> | 80% | 49,777 psi | 77% | 2543 fps | 100% |
| ADI AR 2209 | <<locked>> | 82% | 37,289 psi | 57% | 2402 fps | 95.5% |
| ADI AR 2213 | <<locked>> | 88% | 40,393 psi | 62% | 2493 fps | 95% |
| ADI AR 2217 | <<locked>> | 98% | 41,176 psi | 63% | 2507 fps | 95.5% |
| ADI AR 2225 | <<locked>> | 94% | 32,140 psi | 49% | 2356 fps | 95.2% |
| Alliant Power Pro Varmint | <<locked>> | 82% | 37,333 psi | 57% | 2402 fps | 95.6% |
| Alliant Reloder- TS 15.5 | <<locked>> | 80% | 50,879 psi | 78% | 2566 fps | 100% |
| Alliant Reloder-15 | <<locked>> | 80% | 53,954 psi | 83% | 2628 fps | 100% |
| Alliant Reloder-16 | <<locked>> | 80% | 39,972 psi | 62% | 2477 fps | 99.9% |
| Alliant Reloder-17 | <<locked>> | 80% | 45,701 psi | 70% | 2589 fps | 100% |
| Alliant Reloder-19 | <<locked>> | 82% | 37,014 psi | 57% | 2395 fps | 95.5% |
| Alliant Reloder-22 | <<locked>> | 86% | 37,420 psi | 58% | 2448 fps | 95.9% |
| Alliant Reloder-23 | <<locked>> | 80% | 29,544 psi | 45% | 2260 fps | 99% |
| Alliant Reloder-25 | <<locked>> | 82% | 27,659 psi | 43% | 2221 fps | 95% |
| Alliant Reloder-26 | 51.5 gr | 80% | 31,676 psi | 49% | 2375 fps | 97.9% |
| Baschieri & Pellagri 109 | <<locked>> | 98% | 55,042 psi | 85% | 2687 fps | 95.7% |
| Bofors RP15 | <<locked>> | 88% | 37,159 psi | 57% | 2441 fps | 95.6% |
| Bofors RP3 | <<locked>> | 80% | 51,517 psi | 79% | 2579 fps | 100% |
| Bofors RP30 | <<locked>> | 96% | 39,189 psi | 60% | 2520 fps | 95.6% |
| Bofors RP5 | <<locked>> | 86% | 37,420 psi | 58% | 2448 fps | 95.9% |
| Bofors RP7 | <<locked>> | 80% | 44,947 psi | 69% | 2477 fps | 98.5% |
| Hodgdon H1000 | <<locked>> | 96% | 39,537 psi | 61% | 2474 fps | 95.6% |
| Hodgdon H380 | <<locked>> | 80% | 51,576 psi | 79% | 2595 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon H414 | <<locked>> | 80% | 46,891 psi | 72% | 2579 fps | 99.3% |
| Hodgdon H4350 | <<locked>> | 80% | 42,308 psi | 65% | 2457 fps | 97.4% |
| Hodgdon H4831 | <<locked>> | 92% | 43,033 psi | 66% | 2500 fps | 95.3% |
| Hodgdon H4831 SC | <<locked>> | 88% | 42,337 psi | 65% | 2487 fps | 95% |
| Hodgdon Hybrid 100V | <<locked>> | 80% | 37,637 psi | 58% | 2372 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon Retumbo | <<locked>> | 90% | 34,708 psi | 53% | 2451 fps | 95.1% |
| Hodgdon Superformance | <<locked>> | 80% | 42,250 psi | 65% | 2533 fps | 98.3% |
| Hodgdon TrailBoss | <<locked>> | 80% | 27,659 psi | 43% | 1463 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon VARGET | <<locked>> | 80% | 52,649 psi | 81% | 2579 fps | 100% |
| IMR 4064 | <<locked>> | 80% | 49,153 psi | 76% | 2523 fps | 100% |
| IMR 4166 Enduron | <<locked>> | 80% | 47,892 psi | 74% | 2503 fps | 99.3% |
| IMR 4350 | <<locked>> | 80% | 40,466 psi | 62% | 2411 fps | 97.6% |
| IMR 4451 Enduron | <<locked>> | 80% | 46,238 psi | 71% | 2497 fps | 99% |
| IMR 4831 | <<locked>> | 80% | 36,042 psi | 55% | 2349 fps | 99.2% |
| IMR 4955 Enduron | <<locked>> | 86% | 42,163 psi | 65% | 2448 fps | 95.2% |
| IMR 7828 SSC | <<locked>> | 88% | 41,423 psi | 64% | 2530 fps | 95.5% |
| Lovex S062 | <<locked>> | 80% | 52,736 psi | 81% | 2562 fps | 100% |
| Lovex S065 | <<locked>> | 80% | 43,830 psi | 67% | 2454 fps | 99.5% |
| Lovex S070 | <<locked>> | 80% | 42,018 psi | 65% | 2441 fps | 98.6% |
| Lovex S071 | <<locked>> | 82% | 28,282 psi | 44% | 2172 fps | 95% |
| Norma 203B | <<locked>> | 80% | 53,330 psi | 82% | 2615 fps | 100% |
| Norma 204 | <<locked>> | 80% | 40,001 psi | 62% | 2441 fps | 96.3% |
| Norma MRP | 50 gr | 80% | 31,850 psi | 49% | 2343 fps | 95.1% |
| Norma URP | <<locked>> | 80% | 40,886 psi | 63% | 2457 fps | 99.7% |
| Ramshot Big Game | <<locked>> | 80% | 54,201 psi | 83% | 2644 fps | 100% |
| Ramshot Grand | 55.5 gr | 86% | 40,277 psi | 62% | 2520 fps | 95.5% |
| Ramshot Hunter | <<locked>> | 80% | 39,697 psi | 61% | 2454 fps | 98.7% |
| Ramshot Magnum | <<locked>> | 86% | 34,795 psi | 54% | 2385 fps | 95.6% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 14 | <<locked>> | 80% | 28,210 psi | 43% | 1499 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 50 | <<locked>> | 80% | 51,416 psi | 79% | 2585 fps | 99.8% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 60 | <<locked>> | 80% | 48,472 psi | 75% | 2628 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 62 | <<locked>> | 80% | 41,118 psi | 63% | 2487 fps | 99.7% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 70 | <<locked>> | 80% | 39,711 psi | 61% | 2500 fps | 99.5% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 76 | <<locked>> | 90% | 33,779 psi | 52% | 2431 fps | 96% |
| Rottweil R 902 | <<locked>> | 80% | 54,549 psi | 84% | 2572 fps | 100% |
| Rottweil R 903 | <<locked>> | 80% | 48,414 psi | 75% | 2530 fps | 100% |
| Rottweil R 904 | <<locked>> | 84% | 41,162 psi | 63% | 2434 fps | 95.5% |
| Rottweil R 905 | <<locked>> | 82% | 36,361 psi | 56% | 2385 fps | 95.5% |
| Rottweil R 907 | <<locked>> | 80% | 44,947 psi | 69% | 2477 fps | 98.5% |
| Shooters World Long Rifle | <<locked>> | 80% | 43,830 psi | 67% | 2454 fps | 99.5% |
| Shooters World Precision | <<locked>> | 80% | 52,736 psi | 81% | 2562 fps | 100% |
| Shooters World SW4350 | <<locked>> | 80% | 41,959 psi | 65% | 2441 fps | 98.6% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 11 | <<locked>> | 80% | 49,588 psi | 76% | 2585 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 5000 | <<locked>> | 80% | 49,052 psi | 75% | 2425 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 7000 | <<locked>> | 80% | 42,728 psi | 66% | 2402 fps | 98.6% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 8000 | <<locked>> | 82% | 35,766 psi | 55% | 2372 fps | 95.3% |
| Somchem S355 | <<locked>> | 80% | 48,501 psi | 75% | 2526 fps | 100% |
| Somchem S361 | <<locked>> | 86% | 44,817 psi | 69% | 2480 fps | 95.7% |
| Somchem S365 | <<locked>> | 80% | 37,652 psi | 58% | 2421 fps | 100% |
| Somchem S385 | <<locked>> | 80% | 34,650 psi | 53% | 2320 fps | 95.8% |
| Unknown powder | <<locked>> | 80% | 43,830 psi | 67% | 2507 fps | 99.8% |
| Vihtavuori N133 | <<locked>> | 80% | 54,824 psi | 84% | 2484 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N135 | <<locked>> | 80% | 47,442 psi | 73% | 2431 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N140 | <<locked>> | 80% | 54,462 psi | 84% | 2539 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N150 | <<locked>> | 80% | 41,669 psi | 64% | 2385 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N160 | <<locked>> | 80% | 43,976 psi | 68% | 2480 fps | 99.9% |
| Vihtavuori N165 | <<locked>> | 86% | 35,273 psi | 54% | 2329 fps | 95.6% |
| Vihtavuori N540 | <<locked>> | 80% | 54,172 psi | 83% | 2566 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N550 | <<locked>> | 80% | 44,657 psi | 69% | 2523 fps | 99.9% |
| Vihtavuori N555 | <<locked>> | 80% | 32,982 psi | 51% | 2329 fps | 98.9% |
| Vihtavuori N560 | <<locked>> | 90% | 42,873 psi | 66% | 2575 fps | 95.6% |
| Vihtavuori N565 | <<locked>> | 94% | 41,829 psi | 64% | 2546 fps | 95.6% |
| Winchester 6.5 StaBALL | <<locked>> | 80% | 41,263 psi | 64% | 2425 fps | 100% |
| Winchester 760 | <<locked>> | 80% | 46,891 psi | 72% | 2579 fps | 99.3% |
| Winchester StaBALL HD | <<locked>> | 80% | 26,136 psi | 40% | 2260 fps | 98.8% |
| Winchester Supreme 780 | <<locked>> | 82% | 36,637 psi | 56% | 2365 fps | 95.4% |
Recommended = one of the top powders for this cartridge and bullet combination.
ᴾ possible press load - work up slowly to this load while watching for signs of excessive pressure.
This overview compares 94 powders for 7 mm Rem. SA Ultra Mag. loaded with the .284 | 177gr | Brenneke TIG. Alliant Reloder-26 delivers the highest muzzle velocity at 2,835 fps; across all powders the maximum-charge window runs from 1,637 fps to 2,835 fps. ADI AR 2217 gives the best case fill at 100 %, and 94 of the 94 powders fall inside the usable 80–100 % fill window.
Relative to the caliber's maximum pressure (448 MPa), the top charges use 57–90 %, leaving at least 10 % headroom. The 177.0 gr projectile in 0.284" calls for a 1:11.5 twist; slower twists will usually not stabilise this weight. ADI AR 2217, ADI AR 2225, Alliant Reloder-23 reach 100 % fill or more at maximum charge, so these are compressed loads: they need a long drop tube to seat cleanly and react sensitively to the case capacity of your own brass lot. Norma MRP, Alliant Reloder-26, Ramshot Grand rank at the top here: for 7 mm Rem. SA Ultra Mag. with the .284 | 177gr | Brenneke TIG they combine a high case fill with complete burn and sit in the upper velocity band. Always begin at the start load and work up in small increments while checking case and primer for pressure signs.