Load Specifications
Load data in caliber 7 mm-08 Rem. with .284 | 150gr | Osprey Virtus bullet and 93 powders. The key underlying parameters are shown in the table above. The recommended powders for this cartridge and bullet combination are Alliant Power Pro 2000-MR, ReloadSwiss RS 52 and Hodgdon CFE223.
Important Notice: DO NOT go below Minimum Charge or above Maximum Charge. Since we have no control over the equipment and components used, any responsibility and liability for the results achieved is rejected.
Only powders/loads that match the current filter criteria are displayed: max pressure of a load ≤ 90% of max. standardized pressure, fill rate ≥ 80% and propellant combustion ≥ 95%. Use the sliders above the tables to adjust these thresholds.
Charge: Powder weight in grains. Start with the minimum load and work up carefully.
FR (Fill Rate): Case fill as a percentage. Values above 100% mean compressed loads.
MaxP / %: Maximum chamber pressure in bar and as a percentage of the standardized maximum for this caliber.
V(0): Muzzle velocity in feet per second (fps) at the standardized barrel length.
z (Powder Burn): Estimated propellant combustion percentage at bullet exit.
A valid access license is required to use the Personalized Load Calculator.
You can find more information in our FAQ: How can I use the Personalized Load Calculator?
Max Load - Barrel Length: 24"
| Powder | Charge | FR | MaxP | % | V(0) | z |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Accurate 2015 | <<locked>> | 90% | 52,518 psi | 87% | 2539 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2200 | <<locked>> | 82% | 53,330 psi | 89% | 2628 fps | 98.8% |
| Accurate 2230 | <<locked>> | 82% | 53,809 psi | 89% | 2638 fps | 99.1% |
| Accurate 2460 | <<locked>> | 86% | 50,836 psi | 84% | 2559 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2495 | <<locked>> | 96% | 52,315 psi | 87% | 2592 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2520 | <<locked>> | 90% | 52,315 psi | 87% | 2618 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 4064 | <<locked>> | 98% | 52,011 psi | 86% | 2628 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 4350ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 41,176 psi | 68% | 2523 fps | 96.2% |
| Accurate LT-30 | <<locked>> | 84% | 53,345 psi | 89% | 2497 fps | 100% |
| Accurate LT-32 | <<locked>> | 84% | 53,737 psi | 89% | 2516 fps | 100% |
| ADI AR 2206H | <<locked>> | 92% | 51,634 psi | 86% | 2618 fps | 99.2% |
| ADI AR 2208 | <<locked>> | 98% | 52,765 psi | 88% | 2615 fps | 98.8% |
| ADI AR 2219 | <<locked>> | 84% | 53,447 psi | 89% | 2605 fps | 100% |
| ADI Benchmark 8208 | <<locked>> | 90% | 51,256 psi | 85% | 2582 fps | 99.7% |
| Alliant AR-Comp | <<locked>> | 92% | 53,838 psi | 89% | 2612 fps | 100% |
| Alliant Power Pro 1200-R | <<locked>> | 86% | 52,533 psi | 87% | 2677 fps | 99.6% |
| Alliant Power Pro 2000-MR | <<locked>> | 94% | 50,981 psi | 85% | 2713 fps | 98.5% |
| Alliant Reloder- TS 15.5 | <<locked>> | 98% | 51,474 psi | 86% | 2631 fps | 99.6% |
| Alliant Reloder-10x | <<locked>> | 86% | 52,678 psi | 88% | 2549 fps | 100% |
| Alliant Reloder-15 | <<locked>> | 96% | 52,315 psi | 87% | 2651 fps | 98.9% |
| Alliant Reloder-16ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 42,308 psi | 70% | 2533 fps | 96.3% |
| Alliant Reloder-17ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 48,457 psi | 81% | 2677 fps | 99.2% |
| Baschieri & Pellagri 106 | <<locked>> | 84% | 52,402 psi | 87% | 2497 fps | 100% |
| Baschieri & Pellagri 107 | <<locked>> | 92% | 51,474 psi | 86% | 2631 fps | 98.4% |
| Bofors RP3 | <<locked>> | 98% | 51,547 psi | 86% | 2644 fps | 99.7% |
| Hodgdon Benchmark | <<locked>> | 90% | 53,867 psi | 89% | 2575 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon BL-C2 | <<locked>> | 92% | 53,200 psi | 88% | 2657 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon CFE223 | <<locked>> | 88% | 51,169 psi | 85% | 2690 fps | 98.8% |
| Hodgdon H322 | <<locked>> | 86% | 52,170 psi | 87% | 2592 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon H335 | <<locked>> | 86% | 53,040 psi | 88% | 2615 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon H380 | <<locked>> | 98% | 53,388 psi | 89% | 2654 fps | 98% |
| Hodgdon H4895 | <<locked>> | 92% | 52,083 psi | 87% | 2631 fps | 99.5% |
| Hodgdon Hybrid 100Vᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 38,261 psi | 64% | 2425 fps | 97% |
| Hodgdon LEVERevolution | <<locked>> | 96% | 54,070 psi | 90% | 2707 fps | 99.9% |
| Hodgdon TrailBossᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 34,040 psi | 57% | 1555 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon VARGET | <<locked>> | 94% | 53,751 psi | 89% | 2635 fps | 99.6% |
| IMR 3031 | <<locked>> | 92% | 51,198 psi | 85% | 2625 fps | 100% |
| IMR 4064 | <<locked>> | 96% | 52,214 psi | 87% | 2598 fps | 98.9% |
| IMR 4198 | <<locked>> | 86% | 53,664 psi | 89% | 2516 fps | 100% |
| IMR 4831ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 39,740 psi | 66% | 2474 fps | 95.8% |
| IMR 4895 | <<locked>> | 96% | 53,577 psi | 89% | 2680 fps | 99.4% |
| IMR 8208 XBR | <<locked>> | 90% | 51,256 psi | 85% | 2582 fps | 99.7% |
| Lovex D073.5 | <<locked>> | 86% | 50,778 psi | 84% | 2569 fps | 99.9% |
| Lovex D073.6 | <<locked>> | 94% | 53,795 psi | 89% | 2648 fps | 100% |
| Lovex S060 | <<locked>> | 92% | 52,431 psi | 87% | 2559 fps | 99.2% |
| Lovex S062 | <<locked>> | 96% | 51,329 psi | 85% | 2598 fps | 99.8% |
| Lovex S065ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 47,268 psi | 79% | 2533 fps | 96% |
| Norma 200 | <<locked>> | 82% | 52,678 psi | 88% | 2526 fps | 100% |
| Norma 201 | <<locked>> | 94% | 53,592 psi | 89% | 2615 fps | 99.9% |
| Norma 202 | <<locked>> | 94% | 54,012 psi | 90% | 2625 fps | 100% |
| Norma 203B | <<locked>> | 96% | 51,343 psi | 85% | 2638 fps | 99.2% |
| Norma URPᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 41,887 psi | 70% | 2523 fps | 96.1% |
| Ramshot Big Game | <<locked>> | 96% | 52,025 psi | 86% | 2664 fps | 99.1% |
| Ramshot TAC | <<locked>> | 90% | 51,982 psi | 86% | 2595 fps | 97.1% |
| Ramshot Wild Boar | <<locked>> | 92% | 54,273 psi | 90% | 2664 fps | 99.4% |
| Ramshot X-Terminator | <<locked>> | 88% | 52,678 psi | 88% | 2585 fps | 99.1% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 14ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 34,345 psi | 57% | 1594 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 40 | <<locked>> | 86% | 51,198 psi | 85% | 2575 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 50 | <<locked>> | 98% | 54,172 psi | 90% | 2635 fps | 96.6% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 52 | <<locked>> | 94% | 52,170 psi | 87% | 2713 fps | 98.9% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 60ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 51,880 psi | 86% | 2740 fps | 100% |
| Rottweil R 901 | <<locked>> | 90% | 51,401 psi | 85% | 2562 fps | 100% |
| Rottweil R 902 | <<locked>> | 96% | 53,679 psi | 89% | 2608 fps | 99.8% |
| Rottweil R 903ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 50,995 psi | 85% | 2628 fps | 99.5% |
| Shooters World Long Rifleᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 47,268 psi | 79% | 2533 fps | 96% |
| Shooters World Match Rifle | <<locked>> | 94% | 53,795 psi | 89% | 2648 fps | 100% |
| Shooters World Precision | <<locked>> | 96% | 51,329 psi | 85% | 2598 fps | 99.8% |
| Shooters World Tactical Rifle | <<locked>> | 84% | 50,995 psi | 85% | 2539 fps | 99.5% |
| SNPE Vectan BA6 1/2 | <<locked>> | 82% | 54,143 psi | 90% | 2270 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 10 | <<locked>> | 84% | 53,664 psi | 89% | 2615 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 11ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 53,476 psi | 89% | 2694 fps | 99.3% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 3 | <<locked>> | 86% | 53,940 psi | 90% | 2569 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 7 | <<locked>> | 92% | 52,852 psi | 88% | 2612 fps | 97.8% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 9 | <<locked>> | 94% | 53,635 psi | 89% | 2641 fps | 99.3% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 3000 | <<locked>> | 92% | 52,997 psi | 88% | 2530 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 5000 | <<locked>> | 98% | 52,286 psi | 87% | 2523 fps | 100% |
| Somchem S321 | <<locked>> | 88% | 52,156 psi | 87% | 2615 fps | 99.9% |
| Somchem S335 | <<locked>> | 92% | 51,677 psi | 86% | 2526 fps | 100% |
| Somchem S341 | <<locked>> | 92% | 52,692 psi | 88% | 2615 fps | 99.2% |
| Somchem S355ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 52,098 psi | 87% | 2635 fps | 99.5% |
| Somchem S365ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 37,043 psi | 62% | 2467 fps | 98.1% |
| Vihtavuori N130 | <<locked>> | 88% | 53,055 psi | 88% | 2507 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N133 | <<locked>> | 92% | 52,837 psi | 88% | 2520 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N135 | <<locked>> | 96% | 52,678 psi | 88% | 2585 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N140 | <<locked>> | 94% | 51,140 psi | 85% | 2559 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N150ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 50,227 psi | 83% | 2572 fps | 99.8% |
| Vihtavuori N160ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 44,541 psi | 74% | 2530 fps | 96.6% |
| Vihtavuori N530 | <<locked>> | 90% | 51,706 psi | 86% | 2582 fps | 99.8% |
| Vihtavuori N540 | <<locked>> | 96% | 52,765 psi | 88% | 2602 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N550ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 43,062 psi | 72% | 2526 fps | 96.2% |
| Winchester 6.5 StaBALLᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 45,687 psi | 76% | 2516 fps | 98.7% |
| Winchester 748 | <<locked>> | 92% | 54,288 psi | 90% | 2674 fps | 100% |
| Winchester StaBALL Match | <<locked>> | 94% | 52,997 psi | 88% | 2651 fps | 99.6% |
Recommended = one of the top powders for this cartridge and bullet combination.
Start Load - Barrel Length: 24"
| Powder | Charge | FR | MaxP | % | V(0) | z |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Accurate 2015 | <<locked>> | 80% | 38,537 psi | 64% | 2333 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2200 | <<locked>> | 80% | 49,966 psi | 83% | 2575 fps | 98.3% |
| Accurate 2230 | <<locked>> | 80% | 49,951 psi | 83% | 2579 fps | 98.6% |
| Accurate 2460 | <<locked>> | 80% | 41,568 psi | 69% | 2418 fps | 99.8% |
| Accurate 2495 | <<locked>> | 80% | 30,530 psi | 51% | 2234 fps | 99.8% |
| Accurate 2520 | <<locked>> | 80% | 36,767 psi | 61% | 2365 fps | 99% |
| Accurate 4064 | <<locked>> | 80% | 28,906 psi | 48% | 2215 fps | 98% |
| Accurate 4350 | <<locked>> | 98% | 38,392 psi | 64% | 2470 fps | 95.3% |
| Accurate LT-30 | <<locked>> | 80% | 47,398 psi | 79% | 2415 fps | 100% |
| Accurate LT-32 | <<locked>> | 80% | 47,776 psi | 79% | 2431 fps | 100% |
| ADI AR 2206H | <<locked>> | 80% | 35,360 psi | 59% | 2326 fps | 95.7% |
| ADI AR 2208 | <<locked>> | 86% | 36,448 psi | 61% | 2333 fps | 95.2% |
| ADI AR 2219 | <<locked>> | 80% | 46,528 psi | 77% | 2510 fps | 100% |
| ADI Benchmark 8208 | <<locked>> | 80% | 37,420 psi | 62% | 2346 fps | 97.7% |
| Alliant AR-Comp | <<locked>> | 80% | 35,810 psi | 59% | 2349 fps | 100% |
| Alliant Power Pro 1200-R | <<locked>> | 80% | 43,091 psi | 72% | 2523 fps | 98.4% |
| Alliant Power Pro 2000-MR | 37.1 gr | 86% | 38,972 psi | 65% | 2487 fps | 95.5% |
| Alliant Reloder- TS 15.5 | <<locked>> | 82% | 30,603 psi | 51% | 2247 fps | 95.1% |
| Alliant Reloder-10x | <<locked>> | 80% | 43,685 psi | 73% | 2421 fps | 100% |
| Alliant Reloder-15 | <<locked>> | 84% | 35,694 psi | 59% | 2356 fps | 95.2% |
| Alliant Reloder-16 | <<locked>> | 98% | 39,755 psi | 66% | 2480 fps | 95.5% |
| Alliant Reloder-17 | <<locked>> | 90% | 34,824 psi | 58% | 2408 fps | 95.7% |
| Baschieri & Pellagri 106 | <<locked>> | 80% | 45,861 psi | 76% | 2408 fps | 100% |
| Baschieri & Pellagri 107 | <<locked>> | 84% | 39,233 psi | 65% | 2425 fps | 95.6% |
| Bofors RP3 | <<locked>> | 84% | 32,024 psi | 53% | 2297 fps | 95.9% |
| Hodgdon Benchmark | <<locked>> | 80% | 39,595 psi | 66% | 2346 fps | 98.6% |
| Hodgdon BL-C2 | <<locked>> | 80% | 35,085 psi | 58% | 2352 fps | 97.7% |
| Hodgdon CFE223 | 35.3 gr | 80% | 38,711 psi | 64% | 2467 fps | 96.2% |
| Hodgdon H322 | <<locked>> | 80% | 42,467 psi | 71% | 2448 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon H335 | <<locked>> | 80% | 43,192 psi | 72% | 2467 fps | 99.9% |
| Hodgdon H380 | <<locked>> | 90% | 40,828 psi | 68% | 2451 fps | 95.3% |
| Hodgdon H4895 | <<locked>> | 80% | 35,549 psi | 59% | 2339 fps | 96.5% |
| Hodgdon Hybrid 100V | <<locked>> | 96% | 33,939 psi | 56% | 2333 fps | 95.4% |
| Hodgdon LEVERevolution | <<locked>> | 80% | 31,560 psi | 52% | 2293 fps | 95.4% |
| Hodgdon TrailBoss | <<locked>> | 80% | 25,222 psi | 42% | 1391 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon VARGET | <<locked>> | 80% | 34,447 psi | 57% | 2300 fps | 96% |
| IMR 3031 | <<locked>> | 80% | 34,229 psi | 57% | 2346 fps | 99.9% |
| IMR 4064 | <<locked>> | 84% | 35,824 psi | 60% | 2313 fps | 95.3% |
| IMR 4198 | <<locked>> | 80% | 44,846 psi | 75% | 2395 fps | 100% |
| IMR 4831 | <<locked>> | 98% | 37,260 psi | 62% | 2425 fps | 95% |
| IMR 4895 | <<locked>> | 82% | 34,200 psi | 57% | 2336 fps | 95.5% |
| IMR 8208 XBR | <<locked>> | 80% | 37,420 psi | 62% | 2346 fps | 97.7% |
| Lovex D073.5 | <<locked>> | 80% | 41,191 psi | 68% | 2418 fps | 99.2% |
| Lovex D073.6 | <<locked>> | 80% | 33,286 psi | 55% | 2306 fps | 98.2% |
| Lovex S060 | <<locked>> | 80% | 36,419 psi | 61% | 2280 fps | 96% |
| Lovex S062 | <<locked>> | 80% | 30,980 psi | 51% | 2221 fps | 95.7% |
| Lovex S065 | <<locked>> | 98% | 44,382 psi | 74% | 2484 fps | 95.2% |
| Norma 200 | <<locked>> | 80% | 49,472 psi | 82% | 2484 fps | 100% |
| Norma 201 | <<locked>> | 80% | 34,519 psi | 57% | 2287 fps | 97% |
| Norma 202 | <<locked>> | 80% | 34,374 psi | 57% | 2300 fps | 99% |
| Norma 203B | <<locked>> | 84% | 35,027 psi | 58% | 2346 fps | 95.7% |
| Norma URP | <<locked>> | 98% | 39,276 psi | 65% | 2470 fps | 95.3% |
| Ramshot Big Game | <<locked>> | 84% | 34,621 psi | 58% | 2352 fps | 95.1% |
| Ramshot TAC | <<locked>> | 86% | 45,353 psi | 75% | 2487 fps | 95.7% |
| Ramshot Wild Boar | <<locked>> | 80% | 36,143 psi | 60% | 2356 fps | 95.9% |
| Ramshot X-Terminator | <<locked>> | 80% | 40,698 psi | 68% | 2388 fps | 97% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 14 | <<locked>> | 80% | 25,309 psi | 42% | 1424 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 40 | <<locked>> | 80% | 41,974 psi | 70% | 2428 fps | 99.5% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 50 | <<locked>> | 94% | 47,790 psi | 79% | 2539 fps | 95.2% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 52 | 35.1 gr | 84% | 36,840 psi | 61% | 2441 fps | 95.6% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 60 | <<locked>> | 82% | 28,616 psi | 48% | 2254 fps | 95.4% |
| Rottweil R 901 | <<locked>> | 80% | 38,087 psi | 63% | 2339 fps | 99.4% |
| Rottweil R 902 | <<locked>> | 80% | 32,706 psi | 54% | 2241 fps | 96.3% |
| Rottweil R 903 | <<locked>> | 86% | 31,937 psi | 53% | 2287 fps | 95.4% |
| Shooters World Long Rifle | <<locked>> | 98% | 44,382 psi | 74% | 2484 fps | 95.2% |
| Shooters World Match Rifle | <<locked>> | 80% | 33,286 psi | 55% | 2306 fps | 98.2% |
| Shooters World Precision | <<locked>> | 80% | 30,980 psi | 51% | 2221 fps | 95.7% |
| Shooters World Tactical Rifle | <<locked>> | 80% | 44,512 psi | 74% | 2441 fps | 98.8% |
| SNPE Vectan BA6 1/2 | <<locked>> | 80% | 51,648 psi | 86% | 2241 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 10 | <<locked>> | 80% | 47,021 psi | 78% | 2520 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 11 | <<locked>> | 88% | 36,158 psi | 60% | 2392 fps | 95.8% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 3 | <<locked>> | 80% | 44,614 psi | 74% | 2438 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 7 | <<locked>> | 86% | 42,873 psi | 71% | 2454 fps | 95.7% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 9 | <<locked>> | 80% | 33,808 psi | 56% | 2293 fps | 95.1% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 3000 | <<locked>> | 80% | 36,347 psi | 60% | 2264 fps | 99.2% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 5000 | <<locked>> | 80% | 29,588 psi | 49% | 2139 fps | 98.6% |
| Somchem S321 | <<locked>> | 80% | 39,653 psi | 66% | 2411 fps | 98.4% |
| Somchem S335 | <<locked>> | 80% | 35,839 psi | 60% | 2270 fps | 99.6% |
| Somchem S341 | <<locked>> | 80% | 34,592 psi | 57% | 2303 fps | 95.3% |
| Somchem S355 | <<locked>> | 86% | 33,214 psi | 55% | 2297 fps | 95.6% |
| Somchem S365 | <<locked>> | 94% | 30,647 psi | 51% | 2316 fps | 95.7% |
| Vihtavuori N130 | <<locked>> | 80% | 41,423 psi | 69% | 2339 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N133 | <<locked>> | 80% | 36,434 psi | 61% | 2270 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N135 | <<locked>> | 80% | 31,444 psi | 52% | 2241 fps | 99.9% |
| Vihtavuori N140 | <<locked>> | 80% | 32,532 psi | 54% | 2244 fps | 98.8% |
| Vihtavuori N150 | <<locked>> | 82% | 27,731 psi | 46% | 2149 fps | 95% |
| Vihtavuori N160 | <<locked>> | 96% | 38,856 psi | 65% | 2425 fps | 95% |
| Vihtavuori N530 | <<locked>> | 80% | 37,043 psi | 62% | 2336 fps | 97.7% |
| Vihtavuori N540 | <<locked>> | 80% | 31,299 psi | 52% | 2231 fps | 98.1% |
| Vihtavuori N550 | <<locked>> | 98% | 40,422 psi | 67% | 2477 fps | 95.4% |
| Winchester 6.5 StaBALL | <<locked>> | 92% | 35,230 psi | 59% | 2320 fps | 95.9% |
| Winchester 748 | <<locked>> | 80% | 35,882 psi | 60% | 2372 fps | 98.2% |
| Winchester StaBALL Match | <<locked>> | 80% | 32,808 psi | 55% | 2290 fps | 95.5% |
Recommended = one of the top powders for this cartridge and bullet combination.
ᴾ possible press load - work up slowly to this load while watching for signs of excessive pressure.
This overview compares 93 powders for 7 mm-08 Rem. loaded with the .284 | 150gr | Osprey Virtus. ReloadSwiss RS 60 delivers the highest muzzle velocity at 2,740 fps; across all powders the maximum-charge window runs from 1,555 fps to 2,740 fps. Accurate 4350 gives the best case fill at 100 %, and 93 of the 93 powders fall inside the usable 80–100 % fill window.
Relative to the caliber's maximum pressure (415 MPa), the top charges use 57–90 %, leaving at least 10 % headroom. The 150.0 gr projectile in 0.284" calls for a 1:9.0 twist; slower twists will usually not stabilise this weight. Accurate 4350, Alliant Reloder-16, Alliant Reloder-17 reach 100 % fill or more at maximum charge, so these are compressed loads: they need a long drop tube to seat cleanly and react sensitively to the case capacity of your own brass lot. Alliant Power Pro 2000-MR, ReloadSwiss RS 52, Hodgdon CFE223 rank at the top here: for 7 mm-08 Rem. with the .284 | 150gr | Osprey Virtus they combine a high case fill with complete burn and sit in the upper velocity band. Always begin at the start load and work up in small increments while checking case and primer for pressure signs.