Load Specifications
Load data in caliber .338 Win Mag. with .338 | 225gr | Barnes XLC S bullet and 94 powders. The key underlying parameters are shown in the table above. The recommended powders for this cartridge and bullet combination are Alliant Reloder-17, ReloadSwiss RS 60 and ReloadSwiss RS 70.
Important Notice: DO NOT go below Minimum Charge or above Maximum Charge. Since we have no control over the equipment and components used, any responsibility and liability for the results achieved is rejected.
Only powders/loads that match the current filter criteria are displayed: max pressure of a load ≤ 90% of max. standardized pressure, fill rate ≥ 80% and propellant combustion ≥ 95%. Use the sliders above the tables to adjust these thresholds.
Charge: Powder weight in grains. Start with the minimum load and work up carefully.
FR (Fill Rate): Case fill as a percentage. Values above 100% mean compressed loads.
MaxP / %: Maximum chamber pressure in bar and as a percentage of the standardized maximum for this caliber.
V(0): Muzzle velocity in feet per second (fps) at the standardized barrel length.
z (Powder Burn): Estimated propellant combustion percentage at bullet exit.
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You can find more information in our FAQ: How can I use the Personalized Load Calculator?
Max Load - Barrel Length: 24"
| Powder | Charge | FR | MaxP | % | V(0) | z |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Accurate 2015 | <<locked>> | 82% | 55,245 psi | 89% | 2523 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2495 | <<locked>> | 86% | 55,085 psi | 88% | 2559 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2520 | <<locked>> | 82% | 55,463 psi | 89% | 2608 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2700 | <<locked>> | 88% | 55,854 psi | 90% | 2592 fps | 97.4% |
| Accurate 3100ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 44,556 psi | 71% | 2520 fps | 97.1% |
| Accurate 4064 | <<locked>> | 88% | 54,810 psi | 88% | 2602 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 4350 | <<locked>> | 96% | 53,577 psi | 86% | 2677 fps | 99.7% |
| ADI AR 2206H | <<locked>> | 84% | 53,780 psi | 86% | 2615 fps | 100% |
| ADI AR 2208 | <<locked>> | 90% | 54,563 psi | 87% | 2615 fps | 99.9% |
| ADI Benchmark 8208 | <<locked>> | 84% | 55,840 psi | 90% | 2612 fps | 100% |
| Alliant AR-Comp | <<locked>> | 82% | 53,809 psi | 86% | 2546 fps | 100% |
| Alliant Power Pro 2000-MR | <<locked>> | 86% | 52,707 psi | 85% | 2720 fps | 99.8% |
| Alliant Reloder- TS 15.5 | <<locked>> | 90% | 54,984 psi | 88% | 2641 fps | 100% |
| Alliant Reloder-15 | <<locked>> | 88% | 55,390 psi | 89% | 2661 fps | 99.9% |
| Alliant Reloder-16 | <<locked>> | 98% | 53,969 psi | 87% | 2720 fps | 99.9% |
| Alliant Reloder-17 | <<locked>> | 94% | 55,027 psi | 88% | 2753 fps | 100% |
| Alliant Reloder-23ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 42,047 psi | 67% | 2543 fps | 99.5% |
| Alliant Reloder-26ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 46,717 psi | 75% | 2694 fps | 98.9% |
| Baschieri & Pellagri 107 | <<locked>> | 84% | 53,142 psi | 85% | 2628 fps | 99.7% |
| Bofors RP3 | <<locked>> | 90% | 55,796 psi | 89% | 2657 fps | 100% |
| Bofors RP7 | <<locked>> | 94% | 55,506 psi | 89% | 2628 fps | 97.6% |
| Hodgdon Benchmark | <<locked>> | 82% | 54,186 psi | 87% | 2549 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon BL-C2 | <<locked>> | 84% | 55,564 psi | 89% | 2644 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon H380 | <<locked>> | 88% | 53,026 psi | 85% | 2618 fps | 99.3% |
| Hodgdon H414 | <<locked>> | 96% | 55,622 psi | 89% | 2717 fps | 98.3% |
| Hodgdon H4350 | <<locked>> | 94% | 55,999 psi | 90% | 2674 fps | 97.1% |
| Hodgdon H4895 | <<locked>> | 84% | 54,375 psi | 87% | 2625 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon Hybrid 100Vᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 53,838 psi | 86% | 2651 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon LEVERevolution | <<locked>> | 86% | 53,345 psi | 86% | 2654 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon Superformance | <<locked>> | 96% | 55,985 psi | 90% | 2749 fps | 98% |
| Hodgdon TrailBossᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 36,042 psi | 58% | 1594 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon VARGET | <<locked>> | 86% | 55,201 psi | 89% | 2625 fps | 100% |
| IMR 3031 | <<locked>> | 84% | 54,433 psi | 87% | 2608 fps | 100% |
| IMR 4064 | <<locked>> | 88% | 54,230 psi | 87% | 2602 fps | 99.9% |
| IMR 4166 Enduron | <<locked>> | 86% | 53,838 psi | 86% | 2575 fps | 97.8% |
| IMR 4350 | <<locked>> | 98% | 55,332 psi | 89% | 2648 fps | 97.6% |
| IMR 4451 Enduron | <<locked>> | 92% | 53,766 psi | 86% | 2605 fps | 97.8% |
| IMR 4831 | <<locked>> | 98% | 53,737 psi | 86% | 2664 fps | 99.7% |
| IMR 4895 | <<locked>> | 86% | 53,563 psi | 86% | 2641 fps | 100% |
| IMR 8208 XBR | <<locked>> | 84% | 55,840 psi | 90% | 2612 fps | 100% |
| Lovex D073.6 | <<locked>> | 84% | 53,882 psi | 86% | 2598 fps | 100% |
| Lovex S060 | <<locked>> | 86% | 56,289 psi | 90% | 2589 fps | 100% |
| Lovex S062 | <<locked>> | 88% | 54,462 psi | 87% | 2602 fps | 100% |
| Lovex S065 | <<locked>> | 94% | 53,766 psi | 86% | 2605 fps | 98.9% |
| Lovex S070 | <<locked>> | 96% | 54,505 psi | 87% | 2638 fps | 98.2% |
| Norma 201 | <<locked>> | 86% | 56,362 psi | 90% | 2615 fps | 100% |
| Norma 202 | <<locked>> | 84% | 53,316 psi | 85% | 2569 fps | 100% |
| Norma 203B | <<locked>> | 88% | 54,665 psi | 88% | 2648 fps | 100% |
| Norma 204 | <<locked>> | 98% | 55,854 psi | 90% | 2694 fps | 96.5% |
| Norma MRPᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 46,630 psi | 75% | 2651 fps | 96.3% |
| Norma URP | <<locked>> | 98% | 55,434 psi | 89% | 2703 fps | 99.7% |
| Ramshot Big Game | <<locked>> | 88% | 54,824 psi | 88% | 2671 fps | 100% |
| Ramshot Hunter | <<locked>> | 98% | 54,128 psi | 87% | 2703 fps | 98.7% |
| Ramshot TAC | <<locked>> | 84% | 55,956 psi | 90% | 2631 fps | 99.2% |
| Ramshot Wild Boar | <<locked>> | 84% | 55,811 psi | 89% | 2651 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 14ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 36,796 psi | 59% | 1634 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 50 | <<locked>> | 90% | 56,420 psi | 90% | 2648 fps | 98.7% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 52 | <<locked>> | 86% | 55,854 psi | 90% | 2723 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 60 | <<locked>> | 92% | 54,766 psi | 88% | 2749 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 62 | <<locked>> | 98% | 56,202 psi | 90% | 2743 fps | 99.7% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 70 | <<locked>> | 98% | 55,288 psi | 89% | 2762 fps | 99.6% |
| Rottweil R 901 | <<locked>> | 82% | 54,650 psi | 88% | 2552 fps | 100% |
| Rottweil R 902 | <<locked>> | 86% | 53,766 psi | 86% | 2569 fps | 100% |
| Rottweil R 903 | <<locked>> | 92% | 55,651 psi | 89% | 2651 fps | 100% |
| Rottweil R 907 | <<locked>> | 94% | 55,506 psi | 89% | 2628 fps | 97.6% |
| Shooters World Long Rifle | <<locked>> | 94% | 53,766 psi | 86% | 2605 fps | 98.9% |
| Shooters World Match Rifle | <<locked>> | 84% | 53,882 psi | 86% | 2598 fps | 100% |
| Shooters World Precision | <<locked>> | 88% | 54,462 psi | 87% | 2602 fps | 100% |
| Shooters World SW4350 | <<locked>> | 96% | 54,505 psi | 87% | 2638 fps | 98.2% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 11 | <<locked>> | 90% | 53,214 psi | 85% | 2654 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 7 | <<locked>> | 84% | 54,882 psi | 88% | 2618 fps | 99.4% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 9 | <<locked>> | 86% | 55,434 psi | 89% | 2638 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 3000 | <<locked>> | 84% | 54,172 psi | 87% | 2507 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 5000 | <<locked>> | 90% | 54,157 psi | 87% | 2507 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 7000 | <<locked>> | 94% | 53,679 psi | 86% | 2559 fps | 97.8% |
| Somchem S335 | <<locked>> | 84% | 53,809 psi | 86% | 2510 fps | 100% |
| Somchem S341 | <<locked>> | 84% | 54,143 psi | 87% | 2605 fps | 100% |
| Somchem S355 | <<locked>> | 92% | 55,898 psi | 90% | 2648 fps | 100% |
| Somchem S365ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 53,432 psi | 86% | 2710 fps | 100% |
| Somchem S385ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 50,024 psi | 80% | 2602 fps | 96.6% |
| Vihtavuori N133 | <<locked>> | 84% | 54,331 psi | 87% | 2493 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N135 | <<locked>> | 86% | 53,200 psi | 85% | 2536 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N140 | <<locked>> | 86% | 53,534 psi | 86% | 2546 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N150 | <<locked>> | 92% | 53,534 psi | 86% | 2579 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N160 | <<locked>> | 96% | 54,491 psi | 87% | 2654 fps | 99.6% |
| Vihtavuori N530 | <<locked>> | 84% | 56,362 psi | 90% | 2612 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N540 | <<locked>> | 88% | 55,129 psi | 88% | 2592 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N550 | <<locked>> | 96% | 53,679 psi | 86% | 2661 fps | 99.5% |
| Vihtavuori N555ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 46,398 psi | 74% | 2615 fps | 99.4% |
| Winchester 6.5 StaBALL | <<locked>> | 96% | 54,317 psi | 87% | 2631 fps | 100% |
| Winchester 748 | <<locked>> | 82% | 53,040 psi | 85% | 2615 fps | 100% |
| Winchester 760 | <<locked>> | 96% | 55,622 psi | 89% | 2717 fps | 98.3% |
| Winchester StaBALL HDᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 38,029 psi | 61% | 2562 fps | 99.6% |
| Winchester StaBALL Match | <<locked>> | 86% | 55,245 psi | 89% | 2644 fps | 100% |
Recommended = one of the top powders for this cartridge and bullet combination.
Start Load - Barrel Length: 24"
| Powder | Charge | FR | MaxP | % | V(0) | z |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Accurate 2015 | <<locked>> | 80% | 52,098 psi | 84% | 2480 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2495 | <<locked>> | 80% | 46,137 psi | 74% | 2434 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2520 | <<locked>> | 80% | 52,054 psi | 83% | 2562 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2700 | <<locked>> | 82% | 46,427 psi | 74% | 2444 fps | 95.5% |
| Accurate 3100 | <<locked>> | 96% | 39,291 psi | 63% | 2425 fps | 95.7% |
| Accurate 4064 | <<locked>> | 80% | 43,584 psi | 70% | 2434 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 4350 | <<locked>> | 80% | 32,198 psi | 52% | 2280 fps | 95.2% |
| ADI AR 2206H | <<locked>> | 80% | 47,761 psi | 77% | 2520 fps | 99.7% |
| ADI AR 2208 | <<locked>> | 80% | 40,857 psi | 66% | 2388 fps | 98.3% |
| ADI Benchmark 8208 | <<locked>> | 80% | 49,647 psi | 80% | 2523 fps | 100% |
| Alliant AR-Comp | <<locked>> | 80% | 50,604 psi | 81% | 2507 fps | 100% |
| Alliant Power Pro 2000-MR | <<locked>> | 80% | 43,424 psi | 70% | 2559 fps | 98.8% |
| Alliant Reloder- TS 15.5 | <<locked>> | 80% | 40,959 psi | 66% | 2415 fps | 99.4% |
| Alliant Reloder-15 | <<locked>> | 80% | 43,569 psi | 70% | 2467 fps | 98.9% |
| Alliant Reloder-16 | <<locked>> | 80% | 32,053 psi | 51% | 2280 fps | 95% |
| Alliant Reloder-17 | 56.4 gr | 80% | 35,534 psi | 57% | 2398 fps | 98.2% |
| Alliant Reloder-23 | <<locked>> | 88% | 29,979 psi | 48% | 2257 fps | 95.8% |
| Alliant Reloder-26 | <<locked>> | 92% | 36,114 psi | 58% | 2467 fps | 95.8% |
| Baschieri & Pellagri 107 | <<locked>> | 80% | 46,746 psi | 75% | 2526 fps | 99% |
| Bofors RP3 | <<locked>> | 80% | 41,002 psi | 66% | 2425 fps | 99.5% |
| Bofors RP7 | <<locked>> | 86% | 43,976 psi | 71% | 2438 fps | 95.1% |
| Hodgdon Benchmark | <<locked>> | 80% | 51,227 psi | 82% | 2507 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon BL-C2 | <<locked>> | 80% | 48,907 psi | 78% | 2549 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon H380 | <<locked>> | 80% | 41,481 psi | 67% | 2425 fps | 97.5% |
| Hodgdon H414 | <<locked>> | 86% | 40,770 psi | 65% | 2464 fps | 95% |
| Hodgdon H4350 | <<locked>> | 88% | 46,963 psi | 75% | 2530 fps | 95.1% |
| Hodgdon H4895 | <<locked>> | 80% | 48,269 psi | 77% | 2533 fps | 99.9% |
| Hodgdon Hybrid 100V | <<locked>> | 80% | 29,805 psi | 48% | 2198 fps | 96.1% |
| Hodgdon LEVERevolution | <<locked>> | 80% | 44,179 psi | 71% | 2510 fps | 99.8% |
| Hodgdon Superformance | <<locked>> | 90% | 45,672 psi | 73% | 2579 fps | 95.7% |
| Hodgdon TrailBoss | <<locked>> | 80% | 27,079 psi | 43% | 1424 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon VARGET | <<locked>> | 80% | 46,180 psi | 74% | 2487 fps | 99.7% |
| IMR 3031 | <<locked>> | 80% | 48,153 psi | 77% | 2520 fps | 100% |
| IMR 4064 | <<locked>> | 80% | 42,931 psi | 69% | 2418 fps | 98.8% |
| IMR 4166 Enduron | <<locked>> | 80% | 45,208 psi | 72% | 2434 fps | 96.1% |
| IMR 4350 | <<locked>> | 90% | 43,642 psi | 70% | 2457 fps | 95% |
| IMR 4451 Enduron | <<locked>> | 84% | 42,525 psi | 68% | 2415 fps | 95.2% |
| IMR 4831 | <<locked>> | 82% | 33,069 psi | 53% | 2290 fps | 95.6% |
| IMR 4895 | <<locked>> | 80% | 44,657 psi | 72% | 2497 fps | 99.4% |
| IMR 8208 XBR | <<locked>> | 80% | 49,647 psi | 80% | 2523 fps | 100% |
| Lovex D073.6 | <<locked>> | 80% | 47,718 psi | 77% | 2510 fps | 100% |
| Lovex S060 | <<locked>> | 80% | 47,471 psi | 76% | 2457 fps | 99.6% |
| Lovex S062 | <<locked>> | 80% | 43,294 psi | 69% | 2425 fps | 99.8% |
| Lovex S065 | <<locked>> | 82% | 38,130 psi | 61% | 2333 fps | 95.6% |
| Lovex S070 | <<locked>> | 86% | 40,669 psi | 65% | 2402 fps | 95.1% |
| Norma 201 | <<locked>> | 80% | 47,427 psi | 76% | 2484 fps | 100% |
| Norma 202 | <<locked>> | 80% | 47,456 psi | 76% | 2484 fps | 100% |
| Norma 203B | <<locked>> | 80% | 42,975 psi | 69% | 2461 fps | 99.2% |
| Norma 204 | <<locked>> | 94% | 49,124 psi | 79% | 2592 fps | 95% |
| Norma MRP | <<locked>> | 98% | 43,772 psi | 70% | 2595 fps | 95.5% |
| Norma URP | <<locked>> | 80% | 32,300 psi | 52% | 2277 fps | 95% |
| Ramshot Big Game | <<locked>> | 80% | 42,308 psi | 68% | 2470 fps | 99% |
| Ramshot Hunter | <<locked>> | 88% | 39,871 psi | 64% | 2454 fps | 95.6% |
| Ramshot TAC | <<locked>> | 80% | 49,472 psi | 79% | 2533 fps | 98.4% |
| Ramshot Wild Boar | <<locked>> | 80% | 49,168 psi | 79% | 2552 fps | 99.8% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 14 | <<locked>> | 80% | 27,630 psi | 44% | 1460 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 50 | <<locked>> | 80% | 41,611 psi | 67% | 2405 fps | 95.8% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 52 | <<locked>> | 80% | 45,919 psi | 74% | 2569 fps | 99.2% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 60 | 56.4 gr | 80% | 37,608 psi | 60% | 2454 fps | 99.9% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 62 | <<locked>> | 82% | 33,707 psi | 54% | 2339 fps | 95.3% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 70 | 60.1 gr | 84% | 35,621 psi | 57% | 2388 fps | 95% |
| Rottweil R 901 | <<locked>> | 80% | 51,851 psi | 83% | 2513 fps | 100% |
| Rottweil R 902 | <<locked>> | 80% | 45,281 psi | 73% | 2438 fps | 99.9% |
| Rottweil R 903 | <<locked>> | 80% | 38,899 psi | 62% | 2379 fps | 99% |
| Rottweil R 907 | <<locked>> | 86% | 43,976 psi | 71% | 2438 fps | 95.1% |
| Shooters World Long Rifle | <<locked>> | 82% | 38,130 psi | 61% | 2333 fps | 95.6% |
| Shooters World Match Rifle | <<locked>> | 80% | 47,718 psi | 77% | 2510 fps | 100% |
| Shooters World Precision | <<locked>> | 80% | 43,294 psi | 69% | 2425 fps | 99.8% |
| Shooters World SW4350 | <<locked>> | 86% | 40,669 psi | 65% | 2402 fps | 95.1% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 11 | <<locked>> | 80% | 39,059 psi | 63% | 2415 fps | 98.4% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 7 | <<locked>> | 80% | 48,457 psi | 78% | 2520 fps | 98.7% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 9 | <<locked>> | 80% | 46,166 psi | 74% | 2493 fps | 99.5% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 3000 | <<locked>> | 80% | 48,124 psi | 77% | 2425 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 5000 | <<locked>> | 80% | 40,437 psi | 65% | 2306 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 7000 | <<locked>> | 86% | 42,061 psi | 67% | 2372 fps | 95.3% |
| Somchem S335 | <<locked>> | 80% | 48,022 psi | 77% | 2428 fps | 100% |
| Somchem S341 | <<locked>> | 80% | 47,688 psi | 76% | 2507 fps | 99.6% |
| Somchem S355 | <<locked>> | 80% | 39,407 psi | 63% | 2375 fps | 98.9% |
| Somchem S365 | <<locked>> | 80% | 29,196 psi | 47% | 2238 fps | 97.4% |
| Somchem S385 | <<locked>> | 96% | 44,309 psi | 71% | 2507 fps | 95.2% |
| Vihtavuori N133 | <<locked>> | 80% | 48,283 psi | 77% | 2411 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N135 | <<locked>> | 80% | 44,672 psi | 72% | 2415 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N140 | <<locked>> | 80% | 44,962 psi | 72% | 2421 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N150 | <<locked>> | 80% | 37,478 psi | 60% | 2316 fps | 99.4% |
| Vihtavuori N160 | <<locked>> | 80% | 33,388 psi | 54% | 2274 fps | 95.4% |
| Vihtavuori N530 | <<locked>> | 80% | 49,922 psi | 80% | 2520 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N540 | <<locked>> | 80% | 43,308 psi | 69% | 2415 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N550 | <<locked>> | 80% | 33,083 psi | 53% | 2280 fps | 95% |
| Vihtavuori N555 | <<locked>> | 86% | 30,443 psi | 49% | 2283 fps | 95.2% |
| Winchester 6.5 StaBALL | <<locked>> | 80% | 33,040 psi | 53% | 2251 fps | 97.5% |
| Winchester 748 | <<locked>> | 80% | 49,559 psi | 79% | 2562 fps | 100% |
| Winchester 760 | <<locked>> | 86% | 40,770 psi | 65% | 2464 fps | 95% |
| Winchester StaBALL HD | <<locked>> | 90% | 28,398 psi | 46% | 2280 fps | 95.3% |
| Winchester StaBALL Match | <<locked>> | 80% | 45,861 psi | 74% | 2503 fps | 99.7% |
Recommended = one of the top powders for this cartridge and bullet combination.
ᴾ possible press load - work up slowly to this load while watching for signs of excessive pressure.
This overview compares 113 powders for .338 Win Mag. loaded with the .338 | 225gr | Barnes XLC S. ReloadSwiss RS 70 delivers the highest muzzle velocity at 2,762 fps; across all powders the maximum-charge window runs from 1,594 fps to 2,762 fps. Accurate 3100 gives the best case fill at 100 %, and 113 of the 113 powders fall inside the usable 80–100 % fill window.
Relative to the caliber's maximum pressure (430 MPa), the top charges use 58–90 %, leaving at least 10 % headroom. The 225.0 gr projectile in 0.338" calls for a 1:14.0 twist; slower twists will usually not stabilise this weight. Accurate 3100, ADI AR 2209, ADI AR 2213 reach 100 % fill or more at maximum charge, so these are compressed loads: they need a long drop tube to seat cleanly and react sensitively to the case capacity of your own brass lot. Alliant Reloder-17, ReloadSwiss RS 60, ReloadSwiss RS 70 rank at the top here: for .338 Win Mag. with the .338 | 225gr | Barnes XLC S they combine a high case fill with complete burn and sit in the upper velocity band. As outliers, ADI AR 2213, Alliant Reloder-22, Bofors RP15 burn incompletely and react more sensitively to barrel length and temperature. Always begin at the start load and work up in small increments while checking case and primer for pressure signs.