Load Specifications
Load data in caliber .308 Win. Ackley Improved with .308 | 180gr | Speer RN bullet and 93 powders. The key underlying parameters are shown in the table above. The recommended powders for this cartridge and bullet combination are Alliant Power Pro 2000-MR, ReloadSwiss RS 52 and ReloadSwiss RS 60.
Important Notice: DO NOT go below Minimum Charge or above Maximum Charge. Since we have no control over the equipment and components used, any responsibility and liability for the results achieved is rejected.
Only powders/loads that match the current filter criteria are displayed: max pressure of a load ≤ 90% of max. standardized pressure, fill rate ≥ 80% and propellant combustion ≥ 95%. Use the sliders above the tables to adjust these thresholds.
Charge: Powder weight in grains. Start with the minimum load and work up carefully.
FR (Fill Rate): Case fill as a percentage. Values above 100% mean compressed loads.
MaxP / %: Maximum chamber pressure in bar and as a percentage of the standardized maximum for this caliber.
V(0): Muzzle velocity in feet per second (fps) at the standardized barrel length.
z (Powder Burn): Estimated propellant combustion percentage at bullet exit.
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You can find more information in our FAQ: How can I use the Personalized Load Calculator?
Max Load - Barrel Length: 24"
| Powder | Charge | FR | MaxP | % | V(0) | z |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Accurate 2015 | <<locked>> | 88% | 52,257 psi | 87% | 2503 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2460 | <<locked>> | 86% | 53,824 psi | 89% | 2566 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2495 | <<locked>> | 94% | 52,359 psi | 87% | 2556 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2520 | <<locked>> | 88% | 51,619 psi | 86% | 2575 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 4064 | <<locked>> | 96% | 52,257 psi | 87% | 2595 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 4350ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 44,150 psi | 73% | 2543 fps | 97.1% |
| Accurate LT-30 | <<locked>> | 82% | 52,402 psi | 87% | 2454 fps | 100% |
| Accurate LT-32 | <<locked>> | 82% | 52,794 psi | 88% | 2474 fps | 100% |
| ADI AR 2206H | <<locked>> | 90% | 51,140 psi | 85% | 2582 fps | 99.2% |
| ADI AR 2208 | <<locked>> | 96% | 51,909 psi | 86% | 2572 fps | 98.8% |
| ADI AR 2219 | <<locked>> | 82% | 52,315 psi | 87% | 2559 fps | 100% |
| ADI Benchmark 8208 | <<locked>> | 90% | 53,838 psi | 89% | 2589 fps | 99.9% |
| Alliant AR-Comp | <<locked>> | 90% | 53,388 psi | 89% | 2572 fps | 100% |
| Alliant Power Pro 1200-R | <<locked>> | 84% | 51,808 psi | 86% | 2635 fps | 99.6% |
| Alliant Power Pro 2000-MR | <<locked>> | 94% | 53,722 psi | 89% | 2726 fps | 99.1% |
| Alliant Reloder- TS 15.5 | <<locked>> | 98% | 54,404 psi | 90% | 2641 fps | 99.9% |
| Alliant Reloder-10x | <<locked>> | 84% | 52,185 psi | 87% | 2510 fps | 100% |
| Alliant Reloder-15 | <<locked>> | 94% | 51,866 psi | 86% | 2612 fps | 99% |
| Alliant Reloder-16ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 44,759 psi | 74% | 2552 fps | 97.3% |
| Alliant Reloder-17ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 51,401 psi | 85% | 2694 fps | 99.6% |
| Baschieri & Pellagri 106 | <<locked>> | 82% | 51,010 psi | 85% | 2451 fps | 100% |
| Baschieri & Pellagri 107 | <<locked>> | 92% | 53,853 psi | 89% | 2638 fps | 98.9% |
| Bofors RP3 | <<locked>> | 96% | 51,169 psi | 85% | 2608 fps | 99.7% |
| Hodgdon Benchmark | <<locked>> | 88% | 52,910 psi | 88% | 2533 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon BL-C2 | <<locked>> | 90% | 52,257 psi | 87% | 2612 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon CFE223 | <<locked>> | 88% | 54,186 psi | 90% | 2703 fps | 99.3% |
| Hodgdon H322 | <<locked>> | 84% | 51,285 psi | 85% | 2546 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon H335 | <<locked>> | 84% | 52,127 psi | 87% | 2569 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon H380 | <<locked>> | 96% | 52,808 psi | 88% | 2615 fps | 98.2% |
| Hodgdon H4895 | <<locked>> | 90% | 51,576 psi | 86% | 2592 fps | 99.6% |
| Hodgdon Hybrid 100Vᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 40,640 psi | 68% | 2441 fps | 97.8% |
| Hodgdon LEVERevolution | <<locked>> | 94% | 53,098 psi | 88% | 2661 fps | 99.9% |
| Hodgdon TrailBossᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 34,447 psi | 57% | 1545 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon VARGET | <<locked>> | 92% | 52,866 psi | 88% | 2592 fps | 99.6% |
| IMR 3031 | <<locked>> | 92% | 54,070 psi | 90% | 2628 fps | 100% |
| IMR 4064 | <<locked>> | 94% | 51,590 psi | 86% | 2562 fps | 99% |
| IMR 4166 Enduron | <<locked>> | 92% | 52,417 psi | 87% | 2539 fps | 95.8% |
| IMR 4198 | <<locked>> | 84% | 52,707 psi | 88% | 2470 fps | 100% |
| IMR 4451 Enduronᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 54,375 psi | 90% | 2598 fps | 96.1% |
| IMR 4831ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 42,395 psi | 70% | 2493 fps | 96.8% |
| IMR 4895 | <<locked>> | 94% | 53,113 psi | 88% | 2641 fps | 99.5% |
| IMR 8208 XBR | <<locked>> | 90% | 53,838 psi | 89% | 2589 fps | 99.9% |
| Lovex D073.5 | <<locked>> | 86% | 53,940 psi | 90% | 2579 fps | 100% |
| Lovex D073.6 | <<locked>> | 92% | 53,243 psi | 88% | 2608 fps | 100% |
| Lovex S060 | <<locked>> | 90% | 51,590 psi | 86% | 2516 fps | 99.2% |
| Lovex S062 | <<locked>> | 96% | 54,012 psi | 90% | 2602 fps | 99.9% |
| Lovex S065ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 49,980 psi | 83% | 2546 fps | 96.8% |
| Norma 201 | <<locked>> | 92% | 53,156 psi | 88% | 2579 fps | 99.9% |
| Norma 202 | <<locked>> | 92% | 53,345 psi | 89% | 2585 fps | 100% |
| Norma 203B | <<locked>> | 96% | 54,418 psi | 90% | 2651 fps | 99.6% |
| Norma URPᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 44,556 psi | 74% | 2539 fps | 97.1% |
| Ramshot Big Game | <<locked>> | 94% | 51,285 psi | 85% | 2625 fps | 99.2% |
| Ramshot TAC | <<locked>> | 90% | 54,360 psi | 90% | 2602 fps | 97.8% |
| Ramshot Wild Boar | <<locked>> | 90% | 53,388 psi | 89% | 2621 fps | 99.4% |
| Ramshot X-Terminator | <<locked>> | 86% | 51,924 psi | 86% | 2546 fps | 99.2% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 14ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 34,998 psi | 58% | 1588 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 40 | <<locked>> | 86% | 53,664 psi | 89% | 2575 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 50 | <<locked>> | 96% | 53,751 psi | 89% | 2598 fps | 96.8% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 52 | <<locked>> | 92% | 51,401 psi | 85% | 2671 fps | 99% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 60 | <<locked>> | 98% | 51,430 psi | 85% | 2703 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 62ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 44,063 psi | 73% | 2559 fps | 96.7% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 70ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 45,672 psi | 76% | 2579 fps | 96.1% |
| Rottweil R 901 | <<locked>> | 90% | 54,230 psi | 90% | 2566 fps | 100% |
| Rottweil R 902 | <<locked>> | 94% | 53,476 psi | 89% | 2575 fps | 99.9% |
| Rottweil R 903ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 54,273 psi | 90% | 2641 fps | 99.8% |
| Shooters World Long Rifleᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 49,980 psi | 83% | 2546 fps | 96.8% |
| Shooters World Match Rifle | <<locked>> | 92% | 53,243 psi | 88% | 2608 fps | 100% |
| Shooters World Precision | <<locked>> | 96% | 54,012 psi | 90% | 2602 fps | 99.9% |
| Shooters World Tactical Rifle | <<locked>> | 84% | 53,345 psi | 89% | 2546 fps | 99.8% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 10 | <<locked>> | 82% | 52,634 psi | 87% | 2569 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 11 | <<locked>> | 98% | 52,779 psi | 88% | 2654 fps | 99.4% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 3 | <<locked>> | 84% | 53,098 psi | 88% | 2526 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 7 | <<locked>> | 90% | 52,373 psi | 87% | 2575 fps | 97.9% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 9 | <<locked>> | 92% | 52,721 psi | 88% | 2602 fps | 99.4% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 3000 | <<locked>> | 90% | 52,083 psi | 87% | 2487 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 5000 | <<locked>> | 96% | 51,706 psi | 86% | 2487 fps | 100% |
| Somchem S321 | <<locked>> | 86% | 51,401 psi | 85% | 2572 fps | 99.9% |
| Somchem S335 | <<locked>> | 92% | 54,375 psi | 90% | 2530 fps | 100% |
| Somchem S341 | <<locked>> | 90% | 51,648 psi | 86% | 2572 fps | 99.2% |
| Somchem S355 | <<locked>> | 98% | 51,619 psi | 86% | 2595 fps | 99.5% |
| Somchem S365ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 39,769 psi | 66% | 2493 fps | 99% |
| Vihtavuori N130 | <<locked>> | 86% | 52,170 psi | 87% | 2461 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N133 | <<locked>> | 90% | 51,996 psi | 86% | 2477 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N135 | <<locked>> | 94% | 52,605 psi | 87% | 2549 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N140 | <<locked>> | 94% | 53,780 psi | 89% | 2562 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N150ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 53,214 psi | 88% | 2582 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N160ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 46,963 psi | 78% | 2543 fps | 97.4% |
| Vihtavuori N530 | <<locked>> | 90% | 54,462 psi | 90% | 2589 fps | 99.9% |
| Vihtavuori N540 | <<locked>> | 94% | 52,011 psi | 86% | 2562 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N550ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 45,992 psi | 76% | 2546 fps | 97.1% |
| Winchester 6.5 StaBALLᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 48,312 psi | 80% | 2533 fps | 99.2% |
| Winchester 748 | <<locked>> | 90% | 53,243 psi | 88% | 2631 fps | 100% |
| Winchester StaBALL Match | <<locked>> | 92% | 52,359 psi | 87% | 2608 fps | 99.6% |
Recommended = one of the top powders for this cartridge and bullet combination.
Start Load - Barrel Length: 24"
| Powder | Charge | FR | MaxP | % | V(0) | z |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Accurate 2015 | <<locked>> | 80% | 40,843 psi | 68% | 2336 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2460 | <<locked>> | 80% | 44,208 psi | 73% | 2428 fps | 99.9% |
| Accurate 2495 | <<locked>> | 80% | 33,185 psi | 55% | 2254 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2520 | <<locked>> | 80% | 39,508 psi | 66% | 2385 fps | 99.5% |
| Accurate 4064 | <<locked>> | 80% | 31,415 psi | 52% | 2234 fps | 98.8% |
| Accurate 4350 | <<locked>> | 96% | 38,464 psi | 64% | 2441 fps | 95.6% |
| Accurate LT-30 | <<locked>> | 80% | 49,371 psi | 82% | 2411 fps | 100% |
| Accurate LT-32 | <<locked>> | 80% | 49,763 psi | 83% | 2431 fps | 100% |
| ADI AR 2206H | <<locked>> | 80% | 37,521 psi | 62% | 2343 fps | 96.7% |
| ADI AR 2208 | <<locked>> | 84% | 36,085 psi | 60% | 2297 fps | 95.3% |
| ADI AR 2219 | <<locked>> | 80% | 48,921 psi | 81% | 2513 fps | 100% |
| ADI Benchmark 8208 | <<locked>> | 80% | 39,479 psi | 66% | 2356 fps | 98.3% |
| Alliant AR-Comp | <<locked>> | 80% | 38,232 psi | 64% | 2359 fps | 100% |
| Alliant Power Pro 1200-R | <<locked>> | 80% | 45,571 psi | 76% | 2533 fps | 99% |
| Alliant Power Pro 2000-MR | 43.1 gr | 84% | 38,348 psi | 64% | 2444 fps | 95.5% |
| Alliant Reloder- TS 15.5 | <<locked>> | 80% | 30,719 psi | 51% | 2218 fps | 95.4% |
| Alliant Reloder-10x | <<locked>> | 80% | 46,267 psi | 77% | 2425 fps | 100% |
| Alliant Reloder-15 | <<locked>> | 82% | 35,491 psi | 59% | 2320 fps | 95.4% |
| Alliant Reloder-16 | <<locked>> | 96% | 39,639 psi | 66% | 2454 fps | 95.8% |
| Alliant Reloder-17 | <<locked>> | 88% | 34,664 psi | 58% | 2375 fps | 95.9% |
| Baschieri & Pellagri 106 | <<locked>> | 80% | 48,008 psi | 80% | 2408 fps | 100% |
| Baschieri & Pellagri 107 | <<locked>> | 82% | 38,609 psi | 64% | 2382 fps | 95.7% |
| Bofors RP3 | <<locked>> | 80% | 30,081 psi | 50% | 2215 fps | 95.3% |
| Hodgdon Benchmark | <<locked>> | 80% | 41,568 psi | 69% | 2352 fps | 99.1% |
| Hodgdon BL-C2 | <<locked>> | 80% | 37,391 psi | 62% | 2365 fps | 98.4% |
| Hodgdon CFE223 | <<locked>> | 80% | 41,133 psi | 68% | 2487 fps | 97.1% |
| Hodgdon H322 | <<locked>> | 80% | 44,817 psi | 74% | 2451 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon H335 | <<locked>> | 80% | 45,469 psi | 76% | 2470 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon H380 | <<locked>> | 88% | 40,799 psi | 68% | 2418 fps | 95.6% |
| Hodgdon H4895 | <<locked>> | 80% | 37,739 psi | 63% | 2352 fps | 97.3% |
| Hodgdon Hybrid 100V | <<locked>> | 94% | 33,808 psi | 56% | 2300 fps | 95.7% |
| Hodgdon LEVERevolution | <<locked>> | 80% | 33,634 psi | 56% | 2313 fps | 96.5% |
| Hodgdon TrailBoss | <<locked>> | 80% | 25,686 psi | 43% | 1381 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon VARGET | <<locked>> | 80% | 36,187 psi | 60% | 2306 fps | 96.8% |
| IMR 3031 | <<locked>> | 80% | 36,593 psi | 61% | 2359 fps | 100% |
| IMR 4064 | <<locked>> | 82% | 35,650 psi | 59% | 2280 fps | 95.5% |
| IMR 4166 Enduron | <<locked>> | 90% | 49,168 psi | 82% | 2487 fps | 95% |
| IMR 4198 | <<locked>> | 80% | 46,963 psi | 78% | 2395 fps | 100% |
| IMR 4451 Enduron | <<locked>> | 98% | 51,329 psi | 85% | 2552 fps | 95.4% |
| IMR 4831 | <<locked>> | 96% | 37,391 psi | 62% | 2398 fps | 95.3% |
| IMR 4895 | <<locked>> | 80% | 34,200 psi | 57% | 2303 fps | 95.7% |
| IMR 8208 XBR | <<locked>> | 80% | 39,479 psi | 66% | 2356 fps | 98.3% |
| Lovex D073.5 | <<locked>> | 80% | 43,990 psi | 73% | 2431 fps | 99.6% |
| Lovex D073.6 | <<locked>> | 80% | 35,534 psi | 59% | 2320 fps | 98.9% |
| Lovex S060 | <<locked>> | 80% | 38,203 psi | 63% | 2290 fps | 96.8% |
| Lovex S062 | <<locked>> | 80% | 33,054 psi | 55% | 2238 fps | 96.7% |
| Lovex S065 | <<locked>> | 96% | 44,222 psi | 73% | 2451 fps | 95.5% |
| Norma 201 | <<locked>> | 80% | 36,651 psi | 61% | 2300 fps | 97.7% |
| Norma 202 | <<locked>> | 80% | 36,622 psi | 61% | 2313 fps | 99.4% |
| Norma 203B | <<locked>> | 80% | 32,837 psi | 55% | 2264 fps | 95.1% |
| Norma URP | <<locked>> | 96% | 39,291 psi | 65% | 2444 fps | 95.6% |
| Ramshot Big Game | <<locked>> | 82% | 34,374 psi | 57% | 2316 fps | 95.3% |
| Ramshot TAC | <<locked>> | 82% | 41,843 psi | 70% | 2395 fps | 95% |
| Ramshot Wild Boar | <<locked>> | 80% | 38,247 psi | 64% | 2365 fps | 96.8% |
| Ramshot X-Terminator | <<locked>> | 80% | 42,757 psi | 71% | 2398 fps | 97.7% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 14 | <<locked>> | 80% | 25,759 psi | 43% | 1414 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 40 | <<locked>> | 80% | 44,150 psi | 73% | 2434 fps | 99.8% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 50 | <<locked>> | 92% | 46,992 psi | 78% | 2497 fps | 95.3% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 52 | 40.8 gr | 82% | 36,622 psi | 61% | 2405 fps | 95.7% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 60 | 40.5 gr | 80% | 28,660 psi | 48% | 2224 fps | 95.8% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 62 | <<locked>> | 96% | 38,609 psi | 64% | 2454 fps | 95% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 70 | <<locked>> | 98% | 42,496 psi | 71% | 2520 fps | 95% |
| Rottweil R 901 | <<locked>> | 80% | 40,350 psi | 67% | 2349 fps | 99.7% |
| Rottweil R 902 | <<locked>> | 80% | 34,998 psi | 58% | 2257 fps | 97.3% |
| Rottweil R 903 | <<locked>> | 84% | 32,358 psi | 54% | 2264 fps | 95.8% |
| Shooters World Long Rifle | <<locked>> | 96% | 44,222 psi | 73% | 2451 fps | 95.5% |
| Shooters World Match Rifle | <<locked>> | 80% | 35,534 psi | 59% | 2320 fps | 98.9% |
| Shooters World Precision | <<locked>> | 80% | 33,054 psi | 55% | 2238 fps | 96.7% |
| Shooters World Tactical Rifle | <<locked>> | 80% | 46,789 psi | 78% | 2448 fps | 99.2% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 10 | <<locked>> | 80% | 49,356 psi | 82% | 2523 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 11 | <<locked>> | 84% | 33,620 psi | 56% | 2306 fps | 95.1% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 3 | <<locked>> | 80% | 46,978 psi | 78% | 2441 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 7 | <<locked>> | 82% | 39,740 psi | 66% | 2369 fps | 95.1% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 9 | <<locked>> | 80% | 35,882 psi | 60% | 2310 fps | 96.1% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 3000 | <<locked>> | 80% | 38,464 psi | 64% | 2274 fps | 99.6% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 5000 | <<locked>> | 80% | 31,531 psi | 52% | 2152 fps | 99.2% |
| Somchem S321 | <<locked>> | 80% | 42,061 psi | 70% | 2425 fps | 99% |
| Somchem S335 | <<locked>> | 80% | 37,797 psi | 63% | 2277 fps | 99.8% |
| Somchem S341 | <<locked>> | 80% | 36,840 psi | 61% | 2320 fps | 96.3% |
| Somchem S355 | <<locked>> | 82% | 31,488 psi | 52% | 2224 fps | 95.1% |
| Somchem S365 | <<locked>> | 90% | 29,095 psi | 48% | 2244 fps | 95.2% |
| Vihtavuori N130 | <<locked>> | 80% | 43,671 psi | 73% | 2343 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N133 | <<locked>> | 80% | 38,566 psi | 64% | 2277 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N135 | <<locked>> | 80% | 33,837 psi | 56% | 2257 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N140 | <<locked>> | 80% | 34,766 psi | 58% | 2260 fps | 99.4% |
| Vihtavuori N150 | <<locked>> | 80% | 27,992 psi | 47% | 2123 fps | 95.3% |
| Vihtavuori N160 | <<locked>> | 94% | 38,740 psi | 64% | 2395 fps | 95.2% |
| Vihtavuori N530 | <<locked>> | 80% | 39,305 psi | 65% | 2349 fps | 98.4% |
| Vihtavuori N540 | <<locked>> | 80% | 33,272 psi | 55% | 2244 fps | 98.7% |
| Vihtavuori N550 | <<locked>> | 96% | 40,393 psi | 67% | 2448 fps | 95.7% |
| Winchester 6.5 StaBALL | <<locked>> | 88% | 32,735 psi | 54% | 2238 fps | 95.2% |
| Winchester 748 | <<locked>> | 80% | 38,189 psi | 63% | 2385 fps | 98.8% |
| Winchester StaBALL Match | <<locked>> | 80% | 35,085 psi | 58% | 2313 fps | 96.6% |
Recommended = one of the top powders for this cartridge and bullet combination.
ᴾ possible press load - work up slowly to this load while watching for signs of excessive pressure.
This overview compares 93 powders for .308 Win. Ackley Improved loaded with the .308 | 180gr | Speer RN. Alliant Power Pro 2000-MR delivers the highest muzzle velocity at 2,726 fps; across all powders the maximum-charge window runs from 1,545 fps to 2,726 fps. Accurate 4350 gives the best case fill at 100 %, and 93 of the 93 powders fall inside the usable 80–100 % fill window.
Relative to the caliber's maximum pressure (415 MPa), the top charges use 57–90 %, leaving at least 10 % headroom. The 180.0 gr projectile in 0.308" calls for a 1:16.0 twist; slower twists will usually not stabilise this weight. Accurate 4350, Alliant Reloder-16, Alliant Reloder-17 reach 100 % fill or more at maximum charge, so these are compressed loads: they need a long drop tube to seat cleanly and react sensitively to the case capacity of your own brass lot. Alliant Power Pro 2000-MR, ReloadSwiss RS 52, ReloadSwiss RS 60 rank at the top here: for .308 Win. Ackley Improved with the .308 | 180gr | Speer RN they combine a high case fill with complete burn and sit in the upper velocity band. Always begin at the start load and work up in small increments while checking case and primer for pressure signs.