Load Specifications
Load data in caliber .308 Win. Ackley Improved with .308 | 180gr | Hornady InterLock RN bullet and 93 powders. The key underlying parameters are shown in the table above. The recommended powders for this cartridge and bullet combination are Alliant Power Pro 2000-MR, ReloadSwiss RS 52 and ReloadSwiss RS 60.
Important Notice: DO NOT go below Minimum Charge or above Maximum Charge. Since we have no control over the equipment and components used, any responsibility and liability for the results achieved is rejected.
Only powders/loads that match the current filter criteria are displayed: max pressure of a load ≤ 90% of max. standardized pressure, fill rate ≥ 80% and propellant combustion ≥ 95%. Use the sliders above the tables to adjust these thresholds.
Charge: Powder weight in grains. Start with the minimum load and work up carefully.
FR (Fill Rate): Case fill as a percentage. Values above 100% mean compressed loads.
MaxP / %: Maximum chamber pressure in bar and as a percentage of the standardized maximum for this caliber.
V(0): Muzzle velocity in feet per second (fps) at the standardized barrel length.
z (Powder Burn): Estimated propellant combustion percentage at bullet exit.
A valid access license is required to use the Personalized Load Calculator.
You can find more information in our FAQ: How can I use the Personalized Load Calculator?
Max Load - Barrel Length: 24"
| Powder | Charge | FR | MaxP | % | V(0) | z |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Accurate 2015 | <<locked>> | 88% | 52,968 psi | 88% | 2516 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2460 | <<locked>> | 86% | 54,447 psi | 90% | 2579 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2495 | <<locked>> | 94% | 53,374 psi | 89% | 2572 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2520 | <<locked>> | 88% | 52,605 psi | 87% | 2592 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 4064 | <<locked>> | 96% | 52,837 psi | 88% | 2608 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 4350ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 45,005 psi | 75% | 2559 fps | 97.4% |
| Accurate LT-30 | <<locked>> | 82% | 52,678 psi | 88% | 2464 fps | 100% |
| Accurate LT-32 | <<locked>> | 82% | 53,098 psi | 88% | 2484 fps | 100% |
| ADI AR 2206H | <<locked>> | 90% | 51,721 psi | 86% | 2595 fps | 99.3% |
| ADI AR 2208 | <<locked>> | 96% | 52,402 psi | 87% | 2585 fps | 99% |
| ADI AR 2219 | <<locked>> | 82% | 53,040 psi | 88% | 2572 fps | 100% |
| ADI Benchmark 8208 | <<locked>> | 90% | 54,404 psi | 90% | 2602 fps | 99.9% |
| Alliant AR-Comp | <<locked>> | 90% | 54,172 psi | 90% | 2582 fps | 100% |
| Alliant Power Pro 1200-R | <<locked>> | 84% | 52,547 psi | 87% | 2651 fps | 99.7% |
| Alliant Power Pro 2000-MR | <<locked>> | 94% | 54,215 psi | 90% | 2740 fps | 99.2% |
| Alliant Reloder- TS 15.5 | <<locked>> | 96% | 51,866 psi | 86% | 2612 fps | 99.8% |
| Alliant Reloder-10x | <<locked>> | 84% | 52,953 psi | 88% | 2523 fps | 100% |
| Alliant Reloder-15 | <<locked>> | 94% | 52,446 psi | 87% | 2625 fps | 99.1% |
| Alliant Reloder-16ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 45,179 psi | 75% | 2566 fps | 97.5% |
| Alliant Reloder-17ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 52,141 psi | 87% | 2713 fps | 99.7% |
| Baschieri & Pellagri 106 | <<locked>> | 82% | 51,547 psi | 86% | 2461 fps | 100% |
| Baschieri & Pellagri 107 | <<locked>> | 90% | 51,039 psi | 85% | 2602 fps | 98.5% |
| Bofors RP3 | <<locked>> | 96% | 51,735 psi | 86% | 2618 fps | 99.8% |
| Hodgdon Benchmark | <<locked>> | 88% | 53,432 psi | 89% | 2546 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon BL-C2 | <<locked>> | 90% | 53,142 psi | 88% | 2631 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon CFE223 | <<locked>> | 86% | 50,995 psi | 85% | 2661 fps | 99% |
| Hodgdon H322 | <<locked>> | 84% | 51,634 psi | 86% | 2556 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon H335 | <<locked>> | 84% | 52,721 psi | 88% | 2582 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon H380 | <<locked>> | 96% | 53,359 psi | 89% | 2628 fps | 98.3% |
| Hodgdon H4895 | <<locked>> | 90% | 52,156 psi | 87% | 2605 fps | 99.6% |
| Hodgdon Hybrid 100Vᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 41,321 psi | 69% | 2461 fps | 98.1% |
| Hodgdon LEVERevolution | <<locked>> | 94% | 53,940 psi | 90% | 2680 fps | 99.9% |
| Hodgdon TrailBossᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 34,548 psi | 57% | 1552 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon VARGET | <<locked>> | 92% | 53,476 psi | 89% | 2605 fps | 99.7% |
| IMR 3031 | <<locked>> | 90% | 51,227 psi | 85% | 2595 fps | 100% |
| IMR 4064 | <<locked>> | 94% | 52,127 psi | 87% | 2575 fps | 99.1% |
| IMR 4166 Enduron | <<locked>> | 92% | 52,866 psi | 88% | 2552 fps | 96% |
| IMR 4198 | <<locked>> | 84% | 53,113 psi | 88% | 2480 fps | 100% |
| IMR 4451 Enduron | <<locked>> | 98% | 51,750 psi | 86% | 2566 fps | 95.6% |
| IMR 4831ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 43,192 psi | 72% | 2513 fps | 97.1% |
| IMR 4895 | <<locked>> | 94% | 53,722 psi | 89% | 2654 fps | 99.6% |
| IMR 8208 XBR | <<locked>> | 90% | 54,404 psi | 90% | 2602 fps | 99.9% |
| Lovex D073.5 | <<locked>> | 84% | 51,111 psi | 85% | 2543 fps | 100% |
| Lovex D073.6 | <<locked>> | 92% | 53,882 psi | 90% | 2621 fps | 100% |
| Lovex S060 | <<locked>> | 90% | 52,156 psi | 87% | 2533 fps | 99.3% |
| Lovex S062 | <<locked>> | 94% | 51,503 psi | 86% | 2572 fps | 99.9% |
| Lovex S065ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 50,430 psi | 84% | 2559 fps | 97% |
| Norma 201 | <<locked>> | 92% | 53,751 psi | 89% | 2592 fps | 99.9% |
| Norma 202 | <<locked>> | 92% | 53,940 psi | 90% | 2595 fps | 100% |
| Norma 203B | <<locked>> | 94% | 51,517 psi | 86% | 2615 fps | 99.4% |
| Norma URPᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 45,020 psi | 75% | 2552 fps | 97.3% |
| Ramshot Big Game | <<locked>> | 94% | 51,793 psi | 86% | 2638 fps | 99.3% |
| Ramshot TAC | <<locked>> | 88% | 51,517 psi | 86% | 2566 fps | 97.4% |
| Ramshot Wild Boar | <<locked>> | 90% | 53,911 psi | 90% | 2635 fps | 99.5% |
| Ramshot X-Terminator | <<locked>> | 86% | 52,417 psi | 87% | 2559 fps | 99.3% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 14ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 35,085 psi | 58% | 1594 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 40 | <<locked>> | 86% | 54,288 psi | 90% | 2589 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 50 | <<locked>> | 96% | 54,215 psi | 90% | 2612 fps | 97% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 52 | <<locked>> | 92% | 52,054 psi | 86% | 2684 fps | 99.1% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 60 | <<locked>> | 98% | 51,851 psi | 86% | 2717 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 62ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 44,744 psi | 74% | 2575 fps | 97% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 70ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 46,238 psi | 77% | 2595 fps | 96.4% |
| Rottweil R 901 | <<locked>> | 88% | 51,880 psi | 86% | 2536 fps | 100% |
| Rottweil R 902 | <<locked>> | 94% | 54,056 psi | 90% | 2589 fps | 99.9% |
| Rottweil R 903 | <<locked>> | 98% | 51,634 psi | 86% | 2612 fps | 99.7% |
| Shooters World Long Rifleᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 50,430 psi | 84% | 2559 fps | 97% |
| Shooters World Match Rifle | <<locked>> | 92% | 53,882 psi | 90% | 2621 fps | 100% |
| Shooters World Precision | <<locked>> | 94% | 51,503 psi | 86% | 2572 fps | 99.9% |
| Shooters World Tactical Rifle | <<locked>> | 84% | 53,925 psi | 90% | 2559 fps | 99.8% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 10 | <<locked>> | 82% | 53,200 psi | 88% | 2582 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 11 | <<locked>> | 98% | 53,563 psi | 89% | 2671 fps | 99.5% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 3 | <<locked>> | 84% | 53,505 psi | 89% | 2536 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 7 | <<locked>> | 90% | 52,895 psi | 88% | 2589 fps | 98.1% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 9 | <<locked>> | 92% | 53,229 psi | 88% | 2615 fps | 99.5% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 3000 | <<locked>> | 90% | 52,721 psi | 88% | 2500 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 5000 | <<locked>> | 96% | 52,243 psi | 87% | 2497 fps | 100% |
| Somchem S321 | <<locked>> | 86% | 51,938 psi | 86% | 2585 fps | 99.9% |
| Somchem S335 | <<locked>> | 90% | 51,648 psi | 86% | 2500 fps | 100% |
| Somchem S341 | <<locked>> | 90% | 52,170 psi | 87% | 2582 fps | 99.3% |
| Somchem S355 | <<locked>> | 98% | 52,475 psi | 87% | 2612 fps | 99.6% |
| Somchem S365ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 40,118 psi | 67% | 2507 fps | 99.1% |
| Vihtavuori N130 | <<locked>> | 86% | 52,823 psi | 88% | 2474 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N133 | <<locked>> | 90% | 52,678 psi | 88% | 2490 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N135 | <<locked>> | 94% | 53,243 psi | 88% | 2562 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N140 | <<locked>> | 94% | 54,331 psi | 90% | 2575 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N150ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 53,679 psi | 89% | 2592 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N160ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 47,674 psi | 79% | 2559 fps | 97.7% |
| Vihtavuori N530 | <<locked>> | 88% | 51,561 psi | 86% | 2556 fps | 99.8% |
| Vihtavuori N540 | <<locked>> | 94% | 52,533 psi | 87% | 2572 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N550ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 46,427 psi | 77% | 2559 fps | 97.3% |
| Winchester 6.5 StaBALLᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 48,892 psi | 81% | 2549 fps | 99.3% |
| Winchester 748 | <<locked>> | 90% | 53,867 psi | 89% | 2641 fps | 100% |
| Winchester StaBALL Match | <<locked>> | 92% | 52,852 psi | 88% | 2621 fps | 99.7% |
Recommended = one of the top powders for this cartridge and bullet combination.
Start Load - Barrel Length: 24"
| Powder | Charge | FR | MaxP | % | V(0) | z |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Accurate 2015 | <<locked>> | 80% | 41,220 psi | 68% | 2346 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2460 | <<locked>> | 80% | 44,788 psi | 74% | 2441 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2495 | <<locked>> | 80% | 33,779 psi | 56% | 2267 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2520 | <<locked>> | 80% | 39,798 psi | 66% | 2395 fps | 99.6% |
| Accurate 4064 | <<locked>> | 80% | 31,966 psi | 53% | 2251 fps | 99% |
| Accurate 4350 | <<locked>> | 94% | 36,332 psi | 60% | 2402 fps | 95% |
| Accurate LT-30 | <<locked>> | 80% | 49,734 psi | 83% | 2421 fps | 100% |
| Accurate LT-32 | <<locked>> | 80% | 50,125 psi | 83% | 2444 fps | 100% |
| ADI AR 2206H | <<locked>> | 80% | 37,782 psi | 63% | 2352 fps | 96.8% |
| ADI AR 2208 | <<locked>> | 84% | 36,579 psi | 61% | 2310 fps | 95.6% |
| ADI AR 2219 | <<locked>> | 80% | 49,588 psi | 82% | 2526 fps | 100% |
| ADI Benchmark 8208 | <<locked>> | 80% | 39,784 psi | 66% | 2365 fps | 98.4% |
| Alliant AR-Comp | <<locked>> | 80% | 38,638 psi | 64% | 2369 fps | 100% |
| Alliant Power Pro 1200-R | <<locked>> | 80% | 45,963 psi | 76% | 2546 fps | 99.1% |
| Alliant Power Pro 2000-MR | 43.6 gr | 84% | 38,798 psi | 64% | 2461 fps | 95.9% |
| Alliant Reloder- TS 15.5 | <<locked>> | 80% | 31,270 psi | 52% | 2234 fps | 95.7% |
| Alliant Reloder-10x | <<locked>> | 80% | 46,688 psi | 78% | 2438 fps | 100% |
| Alliant Reloder-15 | <<locked>> | 82% | 36,071 psi | 60% | 2336 fps | 95.7% |
| Alliant Reloder-16 | <<locked>> | 94% | 37,840 psi | 63% | 2418 fps | 95.2% |
| Alliant Reloder-17 | <<locked>> | 86% | 32,909 psi | 55% | 2336 fps | 95.3% |
| Baschieri & Pellagri 106 | <<locked>> | 80% | 48,559 psi | 81% | 2421 fps | 100% |
| Baschieri & Pellagri 107 | <<locked>> | 80% | 36,680 psi | 61% | 2346 fps | 95.1% |
| Bofors RP3 | <<locked>> | 80% | 30,385 psi | 50% | 2224 fps | 95.5% |
| Hodgdon Benchmark | <<locked>> | 80% | 41,843 psi | 70% | 2362 fps | 99.2% |
| Hodgdon BL-C2 | <<locked>> | 80% | 37,942 psi | 63% | 2382 fps | 98.6% |
| Hodgdon CFE223 | <<locked>> | 80% | 41,394 psi | 69% | 2493 fps | 97.2% |
| Hodgdon H322 | <<locked>> | 80% | 45,469 psi | 76% | 2467 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon H335 | <<locked>> | 80% | 46,064 psi | 77% | 2487 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon H380 | <<locked>> | 86% | 38,638 psi | 64% | 2382 fps | 95% |
| Hodgdon H4895 | <<locked>> | 80% | 38,072 psi | 63% | 2362 fps | 97.5% |
| Hodgdon Hybrid 100V | <<locked>> | 92% | 32,285 psi | 54% | 2270 fps | 95.2% |
| Hodgdon LEVERevolution | <<locked>> | 80% | 34,142 psi | 57% | 2329 fps | 96.8% |
| Hodgdon TrailBoss | <<locked>> | 80% | 25,614 psi | 43% | 1385 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon VARGET | <<locked>> | 80% | 36,724 psi | 61% | 2320 fps | 97% |
| IMR 3031 | <<locked>> | 80% | 36,970 psi | 61% | 2369 fps | 100% |
| IMR 4064 | <<locked>> | 80% | 33,881 psi | 56% | 2247 fps | 95% |
| IMR 4166 Enduron | <<locked>> | 90% | 49,647 psi | 82% | 2503 fps | 95.3% |
| IMR 4198 | <<locked>> | 80% | 47,413 psi | 79% | 2405 fps | 100% |
| IMR 4451 Enduron | <<locked>> | 96% | 48,936 psi | 81% | 2523 fps | 95% |
| IMR 4831 | <<locked>> | 96% | 37,811 psi | 63% | 2411 fps | 95.5% |
| IMR 4895 | <<locked>> | 80% | 34,519 psi | 57% | 2313 fps | 95.9% |
| IMR 8208 XBR | <<locked>> | 80% | 39,784 psi | 66% | 2365 fps | 98.4% |
| Lovex D073.5 | <<locked>> | 80% | 44,585 psi | 74% | 2448 fps | 99.7% |
| Lovex D073.6 | <<locked>> | 80% | 36,100 psi | 60% | 2336 fps | 99% |
| Lovex S060 | <<locked>> | 80% | 38,740 psi | 64% | 2306 fps | 97.1% |
| Lovex S062 | <<locked>> | 80% | 33,591 psi | 56% | 2254 fps | 97% |
| Lovex S065 | <<locked>> | 94% | 42,235 psi | 70% | 2421 fps | 95% |
| Norma 201 | <<locked>> | 80% | 37,217 psi | 62% | 2316 fps | 98% |
| Norma 202 | <<locked>> | 80% | 37,159 psi | 62% | 2329 fps | 99.5% |
| Norma 203B | <<locked>> | 80% | 33,156 psi | 55% | 2274 fps | 95.3% |
| Norma URP | <<locked>> | 94% | 37,217 psi | 62% | 2405 fps | 95% |
| Ramshot Big Game | <<locked>> | 82% | 34,838 psi | 58% | 2333 fps | 95.6% |
| Ramshot TAC | <<locked>> | 82% | 42,293 psi | 70% | 2411 fps | 95.2% |
| Ramshot Wild Boar | <<locked>> | 80% | 38,740 psi | 64% | 2382 fps | 97% |
| Ramshot X-Terminator | <<locked>> | 80% | 42,989 psi | 71% | 2408 fps | 97.9% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 14 | <<locked>> | 80% | 25,947 psi | 43% | 1421 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 40 | <<locked>> | 80% | 44,759 psi | 74% | 2448 fps | 99.8% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 50 | <<locked>> | 92% | 47,747 psi | 79% | 2513 fps | 95.6% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 52 | 40.3 gr | 80% | 34,751 psi | 58% | 2369 fps | 95.2% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 60 | 40.9 gr | 80% | 28,848 psi | 48% | 2238 fps | 96% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 62 | <<locked>> | 96% | 39,276 psi | 65% | 2474 fps | 95.4% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 70 | <<locked>> | 98% | 43,105 psi | 72% | 2536 fps | 95.4% |
| Rottweil R 901 | <<locked>> | 80% | 40,988 psi | 68% | 2365 fps | 99.8% |
| Rottweil R 902 | <<locked>> | 80% | 35,288 psi | 59% | 2270 fps | 97.4% |
| Rottweil R 903 | <<locked>> | 82% | 30,748 psi | 51% | 2228 fps | 95.3% |
| Shooters World Long Rifle | <<locked>> | 94% | 42,235 psi | 70% | 2421 fps | 95% |
| Shooters World Match Rifle | <<locked>> | 80% | 36,100 psi | 60% | 2336 fps | 99% |
| Shooters World Precision | <<locked>> | 80% | 33,591 psi | 56% | 2254 fps | 97% |
| Shooters World Tactical Rifle | <<locked>> | 80% | 47,340 psi | 79% | 2464 fps | 99.3% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 10 | <<locked>> | 80% | 49,951 psi | 83% | 2536 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 11 | <<locked>> | 84% | 34,055 psi | 57% | 2320 fps | 95.4% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 3 | <<locked>> | 80% | 47,442 psi | 79% | 2454 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 7 | <<locked>> | 82% | 40,277 psi | 67% | 2382 fps | 95.3% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 9 | <<locked>> | 80% | 36,376 psi | 60% | 2323 fps | 96.3% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 3000 | <<locked>> | 80% | 38,827 psi | 65% | 2287 fps | 99.7% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 5000 | <<locked>> | 80% | 31,836 psi | 53% | 2162 fps | 99.3% |
| Somchem S321 | <<locked>> | 80% | 42,641 psi | 71% | 2438 fps | 99.1% |
| Somchem S335 | <<locked>> | 80% | 38,363 psi | 64% | 2290 fps | 99.9% |
| Somchem S341 | <<locked>> | 80% | 37,333 psi | 62% | 2336 fps | 96.5% |
| Somchem S355 | <<locked>> | 82% | 31,749 psi | 53% | 2234 fps | 95.4% |
| Somchem S365 | <<locked>> | 90% | 29,472 psi | 49% | 2260 fps | 95.6% |
| Vihtavuori N130 | <<locked>> | 80% | 44,019 psi | 73% | 2352 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N133 | <<locked>> | 80% | 38,914 psi | 65% | 2287 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N135 | <<locked>> | 80% | 34,200 psi | 57% | 2267 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N140 | <<locked>> | 80% | 35,099 psi | 58% | 2270 fps | 99.4% |
| Vihtavuori N150 | <<locked>> | 80% | 28,268 psi | 47% | 2136 fps | 95.5% |
| Vihtavuori N160 | <<locked>> | 94% | 39,204 psi | 65% | 2408 fps | 95.5% |
| Vihtavuori N530 | <<locked>> | 80% | 39,566 psi | 66% | 2359 fps | 98.5% |
| Vihtavuori N540 | <<locked>> | 80% | 33,779 psi | 56% | 2260 fps | 98.9% |
| Vihtavuori N550 | <<locked>> | 94% | 38,261 psi | 64% | 2411 fps | 95.1% |
| Winchester 6.5 StaBALL | <<locked>> | 88% | 33,040 psi | 55% | 2251 fps | 95.5% |
| Winchester 748 | <<locked>> | 80% | 38,479 psi | 64% | 2398 fps | 98.9% |
| Winchester StaBALL Match | <<locked>> | 80% | 35,375 psi | 59% | 2323 fps | 96.8% |
Recommended = one of the top powders for this cartridge and bullet combination.
ᴾ possible press load - work up slowly to this load while watching for signs of excessive pressure.
This overview compares 93 powders for .308 Win. Ackley Improved loaded with the .308 | 180gr | Hornady InterLock RN. Alliant Power Pro 2000-MR delivers the highest muzzle velocity at 2,740 fps; across all powders the maximum-charge window runs from 1,552 fps to 2,740 fps. Accurate 4350 gives the best case fill at 100 %, and 93 of the 93 powders fall inside the usable 80–100 % fill window.
Relative to the caliber's maximum pressure (415 MPa), the top charges use 57–90 %, leaving at least 10 % headroom. The 180.0 gr projectile in 0.308" calls for a 1:16.5 twist; slower twists will usually not stabilise this weight. Accurate 4350, Alliant Reloder-16, Alliant Reloder-17 reach 100 % fill or more at maximum charge, so these are compressed loads: they need a long drop tube to seat cleanly and react sensitively to the case capacity of your own brass lot. Alliant Power Pro 2000-MR, ReloadSwiss RS 52, ReloadSwiss RS 60 rank at the top here: for .308 Win. Ackley Improved with the .308 | 180gr | Hornady InterLock RN they combine a high case fill with complete burn and sit in the upper velocity band. Always begin at the start load and work up in small increments while checking case and primer for pressure signs.