Load Specifications
Load data in caliber .300 Win. Mag. with .308 | 150gr | Fox Classic Hunter bullet and 94 powders. The key underlying parameters are shown in the table above. The recommended powders for this cartridge and bullet combination are ReloadSwiss RS 70, ReloadSwiss RS 60 and Alliant Reloder-17.
Important Notice: DO NOT go below Minimum Charge or above Maximum Charge. Since we have no control over the equipment and components used, any responsibility and liability for the results achieved is rejected.
Only powders/loads that match the current filter criteria are displayed: max pressure of a load ≤ 90% of max. standardized pressure, fill rate ≥ 80% and propellant combustion ≥ 95%. Use the sliders above the tables to adjust these thresholds.
Charge: Powder weight in grains. Start with the minimum load and work up carefully.
FR (Fill Rate): Case fill as a percentage. Values above 100% mean compressed loads.
MaxP / %: Maximum chamber pressure in bar and as a percentage of the standardized maximum for this caliber.
V(0): Muzzle velocity in feet per second (fps) at the standardized barrel length.
z (Powder Burn): Estimated propellant combustion percentage at bullet exit.
A valid access license is required to use the Personalized Load Calculator.
You can find more information in our FAQ: How can I use the Personalized Load Calculator?
Max Load - Barrel Length: 24"
| Powder | Charge | FR | MaxP | % | V(0) | z |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Accurate 2015 | <<locked>> | 82% | 54,752 psi | 88% | 2949 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2495 | <<locked>> | 86% | 53,722 psi | 86% | 2969 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2520 | <<locked>> | 82% | 55,579 psi | 89% | 3041 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2700 | <<locked>> | 86% | 52,910 psi | 85% | 2972 fps | 96.7% |
| Accurate 3100ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 44,904 psi | 72% | 2917 fps | 96.8% |
| Accurate 4064 | <<locked>> | 88% | 53,940 psi | 86% | 3022 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 4350 | <<locked>> | 96% | 54,636 psi | 88% | 3117 fps | 99.6% |
| ADI AR 2206H | <<locked>> | 84% | 54,230 psi | 87% | 3058 fps | 99.9% |
| ADI AR 2208 | <<locked>> | 90% | 55,361 psi | 89% | 3058 fps | 99.8% |
| ADI Benchmark 8208 | <<locked>> | 82% | 53,055 psi | 85% | 3002 fps | 100% |
| Alliant AR-Comp | <<locked>> | 82% | 54,317 psi | 87% | 2979 fps | 100% |
| Alliant Power Pro 2000-MR | <<locked>> | 86% | 54,418 psi | 87% | 3182 fps | 99.9% |
| Alliant Reloder- TS 15.5 | <<locked>> | 90% | 55,651 psi | 89% | 3081 fps | 100% |
| Alliant Reloder-15 | <<locked>> | 88% | 56,101 psi | 90% | 3104 fps | 99.9% |
| Alliant Reloder-16 | <<locked>> | 98% | 55,811 psi | 89% | 3182 fps | 99.9% |
| Alliant Reloder-17 | <<locked>> | 92% | 53,272 psi | 85% | 3153 fps | 100% |
| Alliant Reloder-23ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 42,583 psi | 68% | 2946 fps | 99.4% |
| Alliant Reloder-26ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 48,457 psi | 78% | 3133 fps | 99% |
| Baschieri & Pellagri 107 | <<locked>> | 84% | 54,302 psi | 87% | 3071 fps | 99.6% |
| Bofors RP3 | <<locked>> | 90% | 56,405 psi | 90% | 3097 fps | 100% |
| Bofors RP7 | <<locked>> | 94% | 56,173 psi | 90% | 3068 fps | 97.6% |
| Hodgdon Benchmark | <<locked>> | 82% | 54,592 psi | 88% | 2986 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon BL-C2 | <<locked>> | 84% | 56,362 psi | 90% | 3087 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon H380 | <<locked>> | 88% | 53,505 psi | 86% | 3054 fps | 99.2% |
| Hodgdon H414 | <<locked>> | 94% | 53,722 psi | 86% | 3107 fps | 97.8% |
| Hodgdon H4350 | <<locked>> | 92% | 54,186 psi | 87% | 3071 fps | 96.6% |
| Hodgdon H4895 | <<locked>> | 84% | 54,824 psi | 88% | 3068 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon Hybrid 100Vᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 55,724 psi | 89% | 3097 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon LEVERevolution | <<locked>> | 86% | 54,810 psi | 88% | 3104 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon Superformance | <<locked>> | 94% | 54,259 psi | 87% | 3146 fps | 97.6% |
| Hodgdon TrailBossᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 35,694 psi | 57% | 1913 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon VARGET | <<locked>> | 86% | 55,999 psi | 90% | 3068 fps | 100% |
| IMR 3031 | <<locked>> | 84% | 54,984 psi | 88% | 3048 fps | 100% |
| IMR 4064 | <<locked>> | 88% | 54,839 psi | 88% | 3038 fps | 99.9% |
| IMR 4166 Enduron | <<locked>> | 86% | 54,636 psi | 88% | 3018 fps | 97.8% |
| IMR 4350 | <<locked>> | 96% | 53,476 psi | 86% | 3041 fps | 97.1% |
| IMR 4451 Enduron | <<locked>> | 92% | 54,607 psi | 88% | 3045 fps | 97.8% |
| IMR 4831 | <<locked>> | 98% | 55,230 psi | 89% | 3107 fps | 99.7% |
| IMR 4895 | <<locked>> | 86% | 54,114 psi | 87% | 3081 fps | 100% |
| IMR 8208 XBR | <<locked>> | 82% | 53,055 psi | 85% | 3002 fps | 100% |
| Lovex D073.6 | <<locked>> | 84% | 54,201 psi | 87% | 3028 fps | 100% |
| Lovex S060 | <<locked>> | 84% | 53,548 psi | 86% | 2982 fps | 99.9% |
| Lovex S062 | <<locked>> | 88% | 54,781 psi | 88% | 3035 fps | 100% |
| Lovex S065 | <<locked>> | 94% | 54,143 psi | 87% | 3038 fps | 98.8% |
| Lovex S070 | <<locked>> | 96% | 55,259 psi | 89% | 3077 fps | 98.2% |
| Norma 201 | <<locked>> | 86% | 56,275 psi | 90% | 3051 fps | 100% |
| Norma 202 | <<locked>> | 84% | 53,563 psi | 86% | 3002 fps | 100% |
| Norma 203B | <<locked>> | 88% | 55,288 psi | 89% | 3091 fps | 100% |
| Norma 204 | <<locked>> | 96% | 54,186 psi | 87% | 3091 fps | 96% |
| Norma MRPᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 48,022 psi | 77% | 3084 fps | 96.5% |
| Norma URP | <<locked>> | 96% | 53,577 psi | 86% | 3100 fps | 99.5% |
| Ramshot Big Game | <<locked>> | 88% | 56,217 psi | 90% | 3117 fps | 100% |
| Ramshot Hunter | <<locked>> | 98% | 56,260 psi | 90% | 3156 fps | 98.9% |
| Ramshot TAC | <<locked>> | 82% | 53,258 psi | 85% | 3018 fps | 98.8% |
| Ramshot Wild Boar | <<locked>> | 82% | 53,011 psi | 85% | 3035 fps | 99.9% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 14ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 36,027 psi | 58% | 1955 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 50 | <<locked>> | 88% | 53,795 psi | 86% | 3035 fps | 98.2% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 52 | <<locked>> | 84% | 53,156 psi | 85% | 3114 fps | 99.7% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 60 | <<locked>> | 90% | 53,011 psi | 85% | 3153 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 62 | <<locked>> | 96% | 54,418 psi | 87% | 3136 fps | 99.5% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 70 | <<locked>> | 96% | 53,853 psi | 86% | 3166 fps | 99.4% |
| Rottweil R 901 | <<locked>> | 82% | 53,447 psi | 86% | 2976 fps | 100% |
| Rottweil R 902 | <<locked>> | 86% | 53,388 psi | 86% | 2999 fps | 100% |
| Rottweil R 903 | <<locked>> | 92% | 56,260 psi | 90% | 3091 fps | 100% |
| Rottweil R 907 | <<locked>> | 94% | 56,173 psi | 90% | 3068 fps | 97.6% |
| Shooters World Long Rifle | <<locked>> | 94% | 54,143 psi | 87% | 3038 fps | 98.8% |
| Shooters World Match Rifle | <<locked>> | 84% | 54,201 psi | 87% | 3028 fps | 100% |
| Shooters World Precision | <<locked>> | 88% | 54,781 psi | 88% | 3035 fps | 100% |
| Shooters World SW4350 | <<locked>> | 96% | 55,259 psi | 89% | 3077 fps | 98.2% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 11 | <<locked>> | 90% | 54,534 psi | 87% | 3097 fps | 99.9% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 7 | <<locked>> | 84% | 55,550 psi | 89% | 3054 fps | 99.4% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 9 | <<locked>> | 86% | 56,275 psi | 90% | 3081 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 3000 | <<locked>> | 84% | 54,085 psi | 87% | 2936 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 5000 | <<locked>> | 90% | 54,795 psi | 88% | 2936 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 7000 | <<locked>> | 94% | 54,404 psi | 87% | 2989 fps | 97.8% |
| Somchem S335 | <<locked>> | 84% | 53,766 psi | 86% | 2933 fps | 100% |
| Somchem S341 | <<locked>> | 84% | 55,288 psi | 89% | 3048 fps | 100% |
| Somchem S355 | <<locked>> | 90% | 52,837 psi | 85% | 3028 fps | 100% |
| Somchem S365ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 55,753 psi | 89% | 3163 fps | 100% |
| Somchem S385ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 51,343 psi | 82% | 3035 fps | 96.7% |
| Vihtavuori N133 | <<locked>> | 84% | 54,491 psi | 87% | 2920 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N135 | <<locked>> | 86% | 53,316 psi | 85% | 2959 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N140 | <<locked>> | 86% | 54,244 psi | 87% | 2979 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N150 | <<locked>> | 92% | 54,389 psi | 87% | 3009 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N160 | <<locked>> | 96% | 56,159 psi | 90% | 3100 fps | 99.7% |
| Vihtavuori N530 | <<locked>> | 82% | 53,563 psi | 86% | 3005 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N540 | <<locked>> | 88% | 55,825 psi | 90% | 3022 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N550 | <<locked>> | 96% | 55,071 psi | 88% | 3100 fps | 99.5% |
| Vihtavuori N555ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 47,369 psi | 76% | 3031 fps | 99.3% |
| Winchester 6.5 StaBALL | <<locked>> | 96% | 56,289 psi | 90% | 3074 fps | 100% |
| Winchester 748 | <<locked>> | 82% | 53,693 psi | 86% | 3051 fps | 100% |
| Winchester 760 | <<locked>> | 94% | 53,954 psi | 87% | 3114 fps | 97.8% |
| Winchester StaBALL HDᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 38,218 psi | 61% | 2959 fps | 99.5% |
| Winchester StaBALL Match | <<locked>> | 86% | 56,434 psi | 90% | 3087 fps | 100% |
Recommended = one of the top powders for this cartridge and bullet combination.
Start Load - Barrel Length: 24"
| Powder | Charge | FR | MaxP | % | V(0) | z |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Accurate 2015 | <<locked>> | 80% | 51,416 psi | 82% | 2897 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2495 | <<locked>> | 80% | 43,874 psi | 70% | 2812 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2520 | <<locked>> | 80% | 51,706 psi | 83% | 2982 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2700 | <<locked>> | 82% | 46,151 psi | 74% | 2848 fps | 95.1% |
| Accurate 3100 | <<locked>> | 96% | 38,986 psi | 63% | 2792 fps | 95% |
| Accurate 4064 | <<locked>> | 80% | 41,568 psi | 67% | 2808 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 4350 | <<locked>> | 84% | 35,549 psi | 57% | 2736 fps | 95.7% |
| ADI AR 2206H | <<locked>> | 80% | 47,718 psi | 77% | 2940 fps | 99.5% |
| ADI AR 2208 | <<locked>> | 80% | 40,379 psi | 65% | 2772 fps | 97.8% |
| ADI Benchmark 8208 | <<locked>> | 80% | 49,893 psi | 80% | 2949 fps | 100% |
| Alliant AR-Comp | <<locked>> | 80% | 50,821 psi | 81% | 2930 fps | 100% |
| Alliant Power Pro 2000-MR | <<locked>> | 80% | 43,874 psi | 70% | 2979 fps | 98.6% |
| Alliant Reloder- TS 15.5 | <<locked>> | 80% | 40,248 psi | 65% | 2799 fps | 99% |
| Alliant Reloder-15 | <<locked>> | 80% | 43,308 psi | 69% | 2871 fps | 98.6% |
| Alliant Reloder-16 | <<locked>> | 84% | 35,505 psi | 57% | 2756 fps | 95.9% |
| Alliant Reloder-17 | 61.4 gr | 80% | 34,867 psi | 56% | 2762 fps | 97.4% |
| Alliant Reloder-23 | <<locked>> | 90% | 30,719 psi | 49% | 2641 fps | 95.5% |
| Alliant Reloder-26 | <<locked>> | 92% | 35,984 psi | 58% | 2844 fps | 95.2% |
| Baschieri & Pellagri 107 | <<locked>> | 80% | 47,181 psi | 76% | 2946 fps | 98.8% |
| Bofors RP3 | <<locked>> | 80% | 40,030 psi | 64% | 2802 fps | 99.1% |
| Bofors RP7 | <<locked>> | 88% | 46,383 psi | 74% | 2890 fps | 95.4% |
| Hodgdon Benchmark | <<locked>> | 80% | 51,401 psi | 82% | 2933 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon BL-C2 | <<locked>> | 80% | 49,124 psi | 79% | 2972 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon H380 | <<locked>> | 80% | 40,741 psi | 65% | 2805 fps | 96.8% |
| Hodgdon H414 | <<locked>> | 88% | 43,801 psi | 70% | 2920 fps | 95.4% |
| Hodgdon H4350 | <<locked>> | 90% | 50,734 psi | 81% | 3012 fps | 95.8% |
| Hodgdon H4895 | <<locked>> | 80% | 48,225 psi | 77% | 2953 fps | 99.8% |
| Hodgdon Hybrid 100V | <<locked>> | 82% | 30,545 psi | 49% | 2582 fps | 95.7% |
| Hodgdon LEVERevolution | <<locked>> | 80% | 44,512 psi | 71% | 2923 fps | 99.7% |
| Hodgdon Superformance | <<locked>> | 90% | 46,673 psi | 75% | 3005 fps | 95.8% |
| Hodgdon TrailBoss | <<locked>> | 80% | 26,426 psi | 42% | 1709 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon VARGET | <<locked>> | 80% | 46,224 psi | 74% | 2900 fps | 99.6% |
| IMR 3031 | <<locked>> | 80% | 48,196 psi | 77% | 2943 fps | 100% |
| IMR 4064 | <<locked>> | 80% | 42,409 psi | 68% | 2812 fps | 98.5% |
| IMR 4166 Enduron | <<locked>> | 80% | 44,904 psi | 72% | 2838 fps | 95.7% |
| IMR 4350 | <<locked>> | 92% | 47,050 psi | 75% | 2923 fps | 95.7% |
| IMR 4451 Enduron | <<locked>> | 86% | 45,310 psi | 73% | 2871 fps | 95.7% |
| IMR 4831 | <<locked>> | 84% | 34,418 psi | 55% | 2690 fps | 95.4% |
| IMR 4895 | <<locked>> | 80% | 44,411 psi | 71% | 2904 fps | 99.1% |
| IMR 8208 XBR | <<locked>> | 80% | 49,893 psi | 80% | 2949 fps | 100% |
| Lovex D073.6 | <<locked>> | 80% | 47,021 psi | 75% | 2913 fps | 100% |
| Lovex S060 | <<locked>> | 80% | 47,384 psi | 76% | 2874 fps | 99.5% |
| Lovex S062 | <<locked>> | 80% | 42,453 psi | 68% | 2815 fps | 99.5% |
| Lovex S065 | <<locked>> | 84% | 39,610 psi | 64% | 2753 fps | 95.6% |
| Lovex S070 | <<locked>> | 88% | 42,743 psi | 69% | 2841 fps | 95.3% |
| Norma 201 | <<locked>> | 80% | 46,485 psi | 75% | 2887 fps | 99.9% |
| Norma 202 | <<locked>> | 80% | 47,021 psi | 75% | 2894 fps | 100% |
| Norma 203B | <<locked>> | 80% | 42,656 psi | 68% | 2858 fps | 98.8% |
| Norma 204 | <<locked>> | 94% | 50,546 psi | 81% | 3028 fps | 95.1% |
| Norma MRP | <<locked>> | 98% | 44,802 psi | 72% | 3015 fps | 95.5% |
| Norma URP | <<locked>> | 84% | 35,781 psi | 57% | 2740 fps | 95.7% |
| Ramshot Big Game | <<locked>> | 80% | 42,554 psi | 68% | 2871 fps | 98.7% |
| Ramshot Hunter | <<locked>> | 88% | 39,958 psi | 64% | 2844 fps | 95.2% |
| Ramshot TAC | <<locked>> | 80% | 49,719 psi | 80% | 2956 fps | 98.3% |
| Ramshot Wild Boar | <<locked>> | 80% | 49,676 psi | 80% | 2979 fps | 99.7% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 14 | <<locked>> | 80% | 26,803 psi | 43% | 1749 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 50 | <<locked>> | 80% | 41,162 psi | 66% | 2789 fps | 95.3% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 52 | <<locked>> | 80% | 46,195 psi | 74% | 2989 fps | 99% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 60 | 61.4 gr | 80% | 37,173 psi | 60% | 2838 fps | 99.7% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 62 | <<locked>> | 84% | 35,360 psi | 57% | 2749 fps | 95.2% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 70 | 67.1 gr | 86% | 37,869 psi | 61% | 2828 fps | 95.5% |
| Rottweil R 901 | <<locked>> | 80% | 50,256 psi | 81% | 2927 fps | 100% |
| Rottweil R 902 | <<locked>> | 80% | 44,266 psi | 71% | 2835 fps | 99.7% |
| Rottweil R 903 | <<locked>> | 80% | 37,536 psi | 60% | 2740 fps | 98.3% |
| Rottweil R 907 | <<locked>> | 88% | 46,383 psi | 74% | 2890 fps | 95.4% |
| Shooters World Long Rifle | <<locked>> | 84% | 39,610 psi | 64% | 2753 fps | 95.6% |
| Shooters World Match Rifle | <<locked>> | 80% | 47,021 psi | 75% | 2913 fps | 100% |
| Shooters World Precision | <<locked>> | 80% | 42,453 psi | 68% | 2815 fps | 99.5% |
| Shooters World SW4350 | <<locked>> | 88% | 42,743 psi | 69% | 2841 fps | 95.3% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 11 | <<locked>> | 80% | 38,870 psi | 62% | 2799 fps | 98% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 7 | <<locked>> | 80% | 48,167 psi | 77% | 2930 fps | 98.4% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 9 | <<locked>> | 80% | 46,282 psi | 74% | 2907 fps | 99.3% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 3000 | <<locked>> | 80% | 47,790 psi | 77% | 2835 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 5000 | <<locked>> | 80% | 39,929 psi | 64% | 2690 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 7000 | <<locked>> | 88% | 44,570 psi | 71% | 2812 fps | 95.6% |
| Somchem S335 | <<locked>> | 80% | 47,413 psi | 76% | 2835 fps | 100% |
| Somchem S341 | <<locked>> | 80% | 48,022 psi | 77% | 2923 fps | 99.5% |
| Somchem S355 | <<locked>> | 80% | 38,348 psi | 61% | 2749 fps | 98.3% |
| Somchem S365 | <<locked>> | 80% | 27,818 psi | 45% | 2556 fps | 95.9% |
| Somchem S385 | <<locked>> | 96% | 44,744 psi | 72% | 2910 fps | 95% |
| Vihtavuori N133 | <<locked>> | 80% | 48,269 psi | 77% | 2825 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N135 | <<locked>> | 80% | 44,048 psi | 71% | 2812 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N140 | <<locked>> | 80% | 44,541 psi | 71% | 2822 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N150 | <<locked>> | 80% | 36,477 psi | 58% | 2677 fps | 99% |
| Vihtavuori N160 | <<locked>> | 82% | 34,867 psi | 56% | 2680 fps | 95.3% |
| Vihtavuori N530 | <<locked>> | 80% | 50,053 psi | 80% | 2946 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N540 | <<locked>> | 80% | 42,931 psi | 69% | 2808 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N550 | <<locked>> | 84% | 36,753 psi | 59% | 2740 fps | 95.8% |
| Vihtavuori N555 | <<locked>> | 90% | 33,591 psi | 54% | 2726 fps | 95.7% |
| Winchester 6.5 StaBALL | <<locked>> | 80% | 32,314 psi | 52% | 2595 fps | 96.7% |
| Winchester 748 | <<locked>> | 80% | 50,198 psi | 80% | 2992 fps | 100% |
| Winchester 760 | <<locked>> | 88% | 44,019 psi | 71% | 2923 fps | 95.5% |
| Winchester StaBALL HD | <<locked>> | 92% | 29,008 psi | 47% | 2661 fps | 95% |
| Winchester StaBALL Match | <<locked>> | 80% | 45,803 psi | 73% | 2910 fps | 99.6% |
Recommended = one of the top powders for this cartridge and bullet combination.
ᴾ possible press load - work up slowly to this load while watching for signs of excessive pressure.
This overview compares 94 powders for .300 Win. Mag. loaded with the .308 | 150gr | Fox Classic Hunter. Alliant Power Pro 2000-MR delivers the highest muzzle velocity at 3,182 fps; across all powders the maximum-charge window runs from 1,913 fps to 3,182 fps. Accurate 3100 gives the best case fill at 100 %, and 94 of the 94 powders fall inside the usable 80–100 % fill window.
Relative to the caliber's maximum pressure (430 MPa), the top charges use 57–90 %, leaving at least 10 % headroom. The 150.0 gr projectile in 0.308" calls for a 1:12.0 twist; slower twists will usually not stabilise this weight. Accurate 3100, Alliant Reloder-23, Alliant Reloder-26 reach 100 % fill or more at maximum charge, so these are compressed loads: they need a long drop tube to seat cleanly and react sensitively to the case capacity of your own brass lot. ReloadSwiss RS 70, ReloadSwiss RS 60, Alliant Reloder-17 rank at the top here: for .300 Win. Mag. with the .308 | 150gr | Fox Classic Hunter they combine a high case fill with complete burn and sit in the upper velocity band. Always begin at the start load and work up in small increments while checking case and primer for pressure signs.