Load Specifications
Load data in caliber .30-06 Spring. with .308 | 165gr | Nosler Ballistic Tip Hunting bullet and 93 powders. The key underlying parameters are shown in the table above. The recommended powders for this cartridge and bullet combination are Alliant Power Pro 2000-MR and ReloadSwiss RS 60.
Important Notice: DO NOT go below Minimum Charge or above Maximum Charge. Since we have no control over the equipment and components used, any responsibility and liability for the results achieved is rejected.
Only powders/loads that match the current filter criteria are displayed: max pressure of a load ≤ 90% of max. standardized pressure, fill rate ≥ 80% and propellant combustion ≥ 95%. Use the sliders above the tables to adjust these thresholds.
Charge: Powder weight in grains. Start with the minimum load and work up carefully.
FR (Fill Rate): Case fill as a percentage. Values above 100% mean compressed loads.
MaxP / %: Maximum chamber pressure in bar and as a percentage of the standardized maximum for this caliber.
V(0): Muzzle velocity in feet per second (fps) at the standardized barrel length.
z (Powder Burn): Estimated propellant combustion percentage at bullet exit.
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You can find more information in our FAQ: How can I use the Personalized Load Calculator?
Max Load - Barrel Length: 24"
| Powder | Charge | FR | MaxP | % | V(0) | z |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Accurate 2015 | <<locked>> | 86% | 52,504 psi | 89% | 2651 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2460 | <<locked>> | 82% | 50,995 psi | 87% | 2671 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2495 | <<locked>> | 90% | 50,212 psi | 85% | 2664 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2520 | <<locked>> | 86% | 52,518 psi | 89% | 2730 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 4064 | <<locked>> | 92% | 50,183 psi | 85% | 2703 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 4350ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 49,037 psi | 83% | 2756 fps | 98.2% |
| ADI AR 2206H | <<locked>> | 88% | 51,605 psi | 88% | 2733 fps | 99.4% |
| ADI AR 2208 | <<locked>> | 94% | 52,576 psi | 90% | 2730 fps | 99% |
| ADI Benchmark 8208 | <<locked>> | 86% | 50,908 psi | 87% | 2694 fps | 99.8% |
| Alliant AR-Comp | <<locked>> | 86% | 50,894 psi | 87% | 2680 fps | 100% |
| Alliant Power Pro 1200-R | <<locked>> | 82% | 52,272 psi | 89% | 2792 fps | 99.7% |
| Alliant Power Pro 2000-MR | <<locked>> | 90% | 50,633 psi | 86% | 2831 fps | 98.8% |
| Alliant Reloder- TS 15.5 | <<locked>> | 94% | 52,083 psi | 89% | 2753 fps | 99.8% |
| Alliant Reloder-10x | <<locked>> | 82% | 52,272 psi | 89% | 2654 fps | 100% |
| Alliant Reloder-15 | <<locked>> | 92% | 52,721 psi | 90% | 2769 fps | 99.2% |
| Alliant Reloder-16ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 48,327 psi | 82% | 2762 fps | 98.3% |
| Alliant Reloder-17 | <<locked>> | 98% | 52,533 psi | 89% | 2861 fps | 99.8% |
| Baschieri & Pellagri 107 | <<locked>> | 88% | 51,184 psi | 87% | 2743 fps | 98.6% |
| Bofors RP3 | <<locked>> | 94% | 52,359 psi | 89% | 2766 fps | 99.8% |
| Hodgdon Benchmark | <<locked>> | 86% | 52,982 psi | 90% | 2680 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon BL-C2 | <<locked>> | 86% | 49,661 psi | 85% | 2717 fps | 99.9% |
| Hodgdon CFE223 | <<locked>> | 84% | 51,184 psi | 87% | 2802 fps | 99.1% |
| Hodgdon H322 | <<locked>> | 82% | 51,227 psi | 87% | 2690 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon H335 | <<locked>> | 82% | 52,373 psi | 89% | 2717 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon H380 | <<locked>> | 92% | 50,212 psi | 85% | 2720 fps | 97.9% |
| Hodgdon H414ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 52,620 psi | 90% | 2808 fps | 96.3% |
| Hodgdon H4895 | <<locked>> | 88% | 52,069 psi | 89% | 2743 fps | 99.7% |
| Hodgdon Hybrid 100Vᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 44,324 psi | 75% | 2648 fps | 98.7% |
| Hodgdon LEVERevolution | <<locked>> | 90% | 50,749 psi | 86% | 2769 fps | 99.8% |
| Hodgdon TrailBossᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 34,954 psi | 60% | 1677 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon VARGET | <<locked>> | 88% | 50,009 psi | 85% | 2697 fps | 99.4% |
| IMR 3031 | <<locked>> | 88% | 51,561 psi | 88% | 2736 fps | 100% |
| IMR 4064 | <<locked>> | 92% | 52,025 psi | 89% | 2713 fps | 99.1% |
| IMR 4166 Enduron | <<locked>> | 90% | 52,605 psi | 90% | 2690 fps | 96.1% |
| IMR 4198 | <<locked>> | 82% | 52,620 psi | 90% | 2618 fps | 100% |
| IMR 4451 Enduron | <<locked>> | 96% | 51,909 psi | 88% | 2710 fps | 95.8% |
| IMR 4831ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 46,847 psi | 80% | 2703 fps | 97.9% |
| IMR 4895 | <<locked>> | 90% | 50,734 psi | 86% | 2749 fps | 99.3% |
| IMR 8208 XBR | <<locked>> | 86% | 50,908 psi | 87% | 2694 fps | 99.8% |
| Lovex D073.5 | <<locked>> | 82% | 50,749 psi | 86% | 2677 fps | 100% |
| Lovex D073.6 | <<locked>> | 88% | 50,763 psi | 86% | 2713 fps | 100% |
| Lovex S060 | <<locked>> | 88% | 51,837 psi | 88% | 2671 fps | 99.4% |
| Lovex S062 | <<locked>> | 92% | 51,547 psi | 88% | 2713 fps | 99.9% |
| Lovex S065 | <<locked>> | 98% | 50,633 psi | 86% | 2697 fps | 97.1% |
| Lovex S070ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 51,256 psi | 87% | 2726 fps | 96.1% |
| Norma 201 | <<locked>> | 88% | 50,314 psi | 86% | 2680 fps | 99.8% |
| Norma 202 | <<locked>> | 88% | 50,778 psi | 86% | 2690 fps | 100% |
| Norma 203B | <<locked>> | 92% | 51,895 psi | 88% | 2756 fps | 99.4% |
| Norma URPᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 48,675 psi | 83% | 2749 fps | 98.1% |
| Ramshot Big Game | <<locked>> | 92% | 52,141 psi | 89% | 2779 fps | 99.4% |
| Ramshot Hunterᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 47,921 psi | 82% | 2736 fps | 96.1% |
| Ramshot TAC | <<locked>> | 86% | 51,184 psi | 87% | 2700 fps | 97.4% |
| Ramshot Wild Boar | <<locked>> | 86% | 50,285 psi | 86% | 2717 fps | 99.2% |
| Ramshot X-Terminator | <<locked>> | 84% | 51,866 psi | 88% | 2690 fps | 99.3% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 14ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 35,172 psi | 60% | 1713 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 40 | <<locked>> | 82% | 50,502 psi | 86% | 2677 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 50 | <<locked>> | 92% | 50,763 psi | 86% | 2700 fps | 96.4% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 52 | <<locked>> | 90% | 52,562 psi | 89% | 2828 fps | 99.2% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 60 | <<locked>> | 96% | 52,272 psi | 89% | 2864 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 62ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 48,602 psi | 83% | 2772 fps | 97.9% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 70ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 49,588 psi | 84% | 2795 fps | 97.5% |
| Rottweil R 901 | <<locked>> | 86% | 51,547 psi | 88% | 2674 fps | 100% |
| Rottweil R 902 | <<locked>> | 90% | 50,850 psi | 87% | 2680 fps | 99.8% |
| Rottweil R 903 | <<locked>> | 96% | 51,895 psi | 88% | 2753 fps | 99.7% |
| Shooters World Long Rifle | <<locked>> | 98% | 50,633 psi | 86% | 2697 fps | 97.1% |
| Shooters World Match Rifle | <<locked>> | 88% | 50,763 psi | 86% | 2713 fps | 100% |
| Shooters World Precision | <<locked>> | 92% | 51,547 psi | 88% | 2713 fps | 99.9% |
| Shooters World SW4350ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 51,256 psi | 87% | 2726 fps | 96.1% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 11 | <<locked>> | 94% | 50,444 psi | 86% | 2762 fps | 99.2% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 3 | <<locked>> | 82% | 53,113 psi | 90% | 2674 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 7 | <<locked>> | 88% | 52,649 psi | 90% | 2726 fps | 98.2% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 9 | <<locked>> | 88% | 50,053 psi | 85% | 2703 fps | 99.2% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 3000 | <<locked>> | 88% | 52,504 psi | 89% | 2638 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 5000 | <<locked>> | 94% | 52,156 psi | 89% | 2635 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 7000 | <<locked>> | 98% | 50,981 psi | 87% | 2651 fps | 95.7% |
| Somchem S321 | <<locked>> | 84% | 51,793 psi | 88% | 2723 fps | 99.9% |
| Somchem S335 | <<locked>> | 88% | 51,474 psi | 88% | 2631 fps | 100% |
| Somchem S341 | <<locked>> | 88% | 52,272 psi | 89% | 2723 fps | 99.4% |
| Somchem S355 | <<locked>> | 96% | 52,779 psi | 90% | 2753 fps | 99.7% |
| Somchem S365ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 43,395 psi | 74% | 2700 fps | 99.6% |
| Vihtavuori N130 | <<locked>> | 84% | 52,330 psi | 89% | 2608 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N133 | <<locked>> | 88% | 52,547 psi | 89% | 2628 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N135 | <<locked>> | 92% | 53,142 psi | 90% | 2697 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N140 | <<locked>> | 90% | 51,372 psi | 87% | 2674 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N150 | <<locked>> | 96% | 50,676 psi | 86% | 2687 fps | 99.9% |
| Vihtavuori N160ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 51,271 psi | 87% | 2749 fps | 98.4% |
| Vihtavuori N530 | <<locked>> | 86% | 51,213 psi | 87% | 2690 fps | 99.8% |
| Vihtavuori N540 | <<locked>> | 92% | 52,765 psi | 90% | 2713 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N550ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 50,343 psi | 86% | 2753 fps | 98.1% |
| Winchester 6.5 StaBALLᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 52,359 psi | 89% | 2736 fps | 99.8% |
| Winchester 748 | <<locked>> | 86% | 50,546 psi | 86% | 2733 fps | 100% |
| Winchester 760ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 52,620 psi | 90% | 2808 fps | 96.3% |
| Winchester StaBALL Match | <<locked>> | 90% | 52,997 psi | 90% | 2762 fps | 99.7% |
Recommended = one of the top powders for this cartridge and bullet combination.
Start Load - Barrel Length: 24"
| Powder | Charge | FR | MaxP | % | V(0) | z |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Accurate 2015 | <<locked>> | 80% | 43,729 psi | 74% | 2520 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2460 | <<locked>> | 80% | 47,543 psi | 81% | 2621 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2495 | <<locked>> | 80% | 36,143 psi | 62% | 2434 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2520 | <<locked>> | 80% | 42,728 psi | 73% | 2575 fps | 99.8% |
| Accurate 4064 | <<locked>> | 80% | 34,142 psi | 58% | 2418 fps | 99.3% |
| Accurate 4350 | <<locked>> | 92% | 37,086 psi | 63% | 2536 fps | 95.2% |
| ADI AR 2206H | <<locked>> | 80% | 40,132 psi | 68% | 2530 fps | 97.4% |
| ADI AR 2208 | <<locked>> | 82% | 36,419 psi | 62% | 2434 fps | 95.5% |
| ADI Benchmark 8208 | <<locked>> | 80% | 42,119 psi | 72% | 2543 fps | 98.9% |
| Alliant AR-Comp | <<locked>> | 80% | 41,655 psi | 71% | 2546 fps | 100% |
| Alliant Power Pro 1200-R | <<locked>> | 80% | 48,950 psi | 83% | 2736 fps | 99.4% |
| Alliant Power Pro 2000-MR | 48.1 gr | 82% | 38,624 psi | 66% | 2592 fps | 95.8% |
| Alliant Reloder- TS 15.5 | <<locked>> | 80% | 33,431 psi | 57% | 2402 fps | 96.4% |
| Alliant Reloder-10x | <<locked>> | 80% | 49,269 psi | 84% | 2615 fps | 100% |
| Alliant Reloder-15 | <<locked>> | 80% | 36,013 psi | 61% | 2461 fps | 95.6% |
| Alliant Reloder-16 | <<locked>> | 92% | 37,855 psi | 64% | 2549 fps | 95.3% |
| Alliant Reloder-17 | <<locked>> | 84% | 32,967 psi | 56% | 2461 fps | 95.3% |
| Baschieri & Pellagri 107 | <<locked>> | 80% | 38,957 psi | 66% | 2520 fps | 95.9% |
| Bofors RP3 | <<locked>> | 80% | 32,793 psi | 56% | 2402 fps | 96.3% |
| Hodgdon Benchmark | <<locked>> | 80% | 44,048 psi | 75% | 2536 fps | 99.5% |
| Hodgdon BL-C2 | <<locked>> | 80% | 40,538 psi | 69% | 2559 fps | 99% |
| Hodgdon CFE223 | <<locked>> | 80% | 44,454 psi | 76% | 2687 fps | 98% |
| Hodgdon H322 | <<locked>> | 80% | 47,979 psi | 82% | 2644 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon H335 | <<locked>> | 80% | 48,878 psi | 83% | 2664 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon H380 | <<locked>> | 84% | 38,566 psi | 66% | 2507 fps | 95% |
| Hodgdon H414 | <<locked>> | 98% | 49,052 psi | 84% | 2749 fps | 95.5% |
| Hodgdon H4895 | <<locked>> | 80% | 40,451 psi | 69% | 2539 fps | 98% |
| Hodgdon Hybrid 100V | <<locked>> | 90% | 32,489 psi | 55% | 2395 fps | 95.3% |
| Hodgdon LEVERevolution | <<locked>> | 80% | 36,405 psi | 62% | 2503 fps | 97.5% |
| Hodgdon TrailBoss | <<locked>> | 80% | 26,020 psi | 44% | 1499 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon VARGET | <<locked>> | 80% | 38,783 psi | 66% | 2490 fps | 97.5% |
| IMR 3031 | <<locked>> | 80% | 39,537 psi | 67% | 2546 fps | 100% |
| IMR 4064 | <<locked>> | 80% | 35,795 psi | 61% | 2415 fps | 95.6% |
| IMR 4166 Enduron | <<locked>> | 88% | 49,458 psi | 84% | 2641 fps | 95.4% |
| IMR 4198 | <<locked>> | 80% | 49,559 psi | 84% | 2575 fps | 100% |
| IMR 4451 Enduron | <<locked>> | 94% | 48,834 psi | 83% | 2657 fps | 95.1% |
| IMR 4831 | <<locked>> | 94% | 38,435 psi | 65% | 2546 fps | 95.8% |
| IMR 4895 | <<locked>> | 80% | 36,825 psi | 63% | 2490 fps | 96.6% |
| IMR 8208 XBR | <<locked>> | 80% | 42,119 psi | 72% | 2543 fps | 98.9% |
| Lovex D073.5 | <<locked>> | 80% | 47,384 psi | 81% | 2625 fps | 99.9% |
| Lovex D073.6 | <<locked>> | 80% | 38,609 psi | 66% | 2507 fps | 99.4% |
| Lovex S060 | <<locked>> | 80% | 40,669 psi | 69% | 2474 fps | 97.6% |
| Lovex S062 | <<locked>> | 80% | 35,578 psi | 61% | 2421 fps | 97.5% |
| Lovex S065 | <<locked>> | 92% | 42,235 psi | 72% | 2552 fps | 95.1% |
| Lovex S070 | <<locked>> | 98% | 48,124 psi | 82% | 2674 fps | 95.4% |
| Norma 201 | <<locked>> | 80% | 39,262 psi | 67% | 2484 fps | 98.4% |
| Norma 202 | <<locked>> | 80% | 39,494 psi | 67% | 2503 fps | 99.8% |
| Norma 203B | <<locked>> | 80% | 35,375 psi | 60% | 2451 fps | 96.1% |
| Norma URP | <<locked>> | 92% | 37,768 psi | 64% | 2543 fps | 95.2% |
| Ramshot Big Game | <<locked>> | 80% | 34,824 psi | 59% | 2454 fps | 95.5% |
| Ramshot Hunter | <<locked>> | 98% | 45,034 psi | 77% | 2684 fps | 95.3% |
| Ramshot TAC | <<locked>> | 80% | 41,945 psi | 71% | 2536 fps | 95.2% |
| Ramshot Wild Boar | <<locked>> | 80% | 41,234 psi | 70% | 2559 fps | 97.6% |
| Ramshot X-Terminator | <<locked>> | 80% | 45,701 psi | 78% | 2589 fps | 98.4% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 14 | <<locked>> | 80% | 26,078 psi | 44% | 1532 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 40 | <<locked>> | 80% | 47,413 psi | 81% | 2628 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 50 | <<locked>> | 90% | 47,703 psi | 81% | 2648 fps | 95.7% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 52 | <<locked>> | 80% | 37,086 psi | 63% | 2546 fps | 95.9% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 60 | 46.2 gr | 80% | 30,647 psi | 52% | 2408 fps | 97% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 62 | <<locked>> | 94% | 39,711 psi | 68% | 2608 fps | 95.6% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 70 | <<locked>> | 96% | 43,395 psi | 74% | 2680 fps | 95.7% |
| Rottweil R 901 | <<locked>> | 80% | 43,163 psi | 73% | 2539 fps | 99.9% |
| Rottweil R 902 | <<locked>> | 80% | 37,420 psi | 64% | 2441 fps | 97.9% |
| Rottweil R 903 | <<locked>> | 80% | 30,748 psi | 52% | 2343 fps | 95.1% |
| Shooters World Long Rifle | <<locked>> | 92% | 42,235 psi | 72% | 2552 fps | 95.1% |
| Shooters World Match Rifle | <<locked>> | 80% | 38,609 psi | 66% | 2507 fps | 99.4% |
| Shooters World Precision | <<locked>> | 80% | 35,578 psi | 61% | 2421 fps | 97.5% |
| Shooters World SW4350 | <<locked>> | 98% | 48,124 psi | 82% | 2674 fps | 95.4% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 11 | <<locked>> | 82% | 34,127 psi | 58% | 2444 fps | 95.4% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 3 | <<locked>> | 80% | 50,038 psi | 85% | 2631 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 7 | <<locked>> | 80% | 40,089 psi | 68% | 2507 fps | 95.3% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 9 | <<locked>> | 80% | 38,566 psi | 66% | 2493 fps | 97% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 3000 | <<locked>> | 80% | 40,930 psi | 70% | 2454 fps | 99.8% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 5000 | <<locked>> | 80% | 33,721 psi | 57% | 2323 fps | 99.5% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 7000 | <<locked>> | 96% | 47,674 psi | 81% | 2598 fps | 95% |
| Somchem S321 | <<locked>> | 80% | 45,179 psi | 77% | 2615 fps | 99.5% |
| Somchem S335 | <<locked>> | 80% | 40,364 psi | 69% | 2454 fps | 100% |
| Somchem S341 | <<locked>> | 80% | 39,697 psi | 68% | 2510 fps | 97.2% |
| Somchem S355 | <<locked>> | 80% | 31,792 psi | 54% | 2352 fps | 95.3% |
| Somchem S365 | <<locked>> | 88% | 29,530 psi | 50% | 2379 fps | 95.6% |
| Vihtavuori N130 | <<locked>> | 80% | 46,311 psi | 79% | 2523 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N133 | <<locked>> | 80% | 41,075 psi | 70% | 2454 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N135 | <<locked>> | 80% | 36,477 psi | 62% | 2434 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N140 | <<locked>> | 80% | 37,246 psi | 63% | 2438 fps | 99.7% |
| Vihtavuori N150 | <<locked>> | 80% | 30,197 psi | 51% | 2297 fps | 96.3% |
| Vihtavuori N160 | <<locked>> | 92% | 39,566 psi | 67% | 2543 fps | 95.7% |
| Vihtavuori N530 | <<locked>> | 80% | 42,148 psi | 72% | 2539 fps | 98.9% |
| Vihtavuori N540 | <<locked>> | 80% | 35,781 psi | 61% | 2421 fps | 99.2% |
| Vihtavuori N550 | <<locked>> | 92% | 38,740 psi | 66% | 2543 fps | 95.3% |
| Winchester 6.5 StaBALL | <<locked>> | 86% | 32,967 psi | 56% | 2369 fps | 95.5% |
| Winchester 748 | <<locked>> | 80% | 41,350 psi | 70% | 2579 fps | 99.3% |
| Winchester 760 | <<locked>> | 98% | 49,356 psi | 84% | 2756 fps | 95.6% |
| Winchester StaBALL Match | <<locked>> | 80% | 37,898 psi | 65% | 2497 fps | 97.4% |
Recommended = one of the top powders for this cartridge and bullet combination.
ᴾ possible press load - work up slowly to this load while watching for signs of excessive pressure.
This overview compares 93 powders for .30-06 Spring. loaded with the .308 | 165gr | Nosler Ballistic Tip Hunting. ReloadSwiss RS 60 delivers the highest muzzle velocity at 2,864 fps; across all powders the maximum-charge window runs from 1,677 fps to 2,864 fps. Accurate 4350 gives the best case fill at 100 %, and 93 of the 93 powders fall inside the usable 80–100 % fill window.
Relative to the caliber's maximum pressure (405 MPa), the top charges use 60–90 %, leaving at least 10 % headroom. The 165.0 gr projectile in 0.308" calls for a 1:12.5 twist; slower twists will usually not stabilise this weight. Accurate 4350, Alliant Reloder-16, Hodgdon H414 reach 100 % fill or more at maximum charge, so these are compressed loads: they need a long drop tube to seat cleanly and react sensitively to the case capacity of your own brass lot. IMR 4350, Alliant Power Pro 2000-MR, ReloadSwiss RS 60 rank at the top here: for .30-06 Spring. with the .308 | 165gr | Nosler Ballistic Tip Hunting they combine a high case fill with complete burn and sit in the upper velocity band. Always begin at the start load and work up in small increments while checking case and primer for pressure signs.