Load Specifications
Load data in caliber .30-06 R Stief with .308 | 168gr | Reichenberg HDB Universal bullet and 93 powders. The key underlying parameters are shown in the table above. The recommended powders for this cartridge and bullet combination are ReloadSwiss RS 60, Alliant Reloder-17 and Alliant Power Pro 2000-MR.
Important Notice: DO NOT go below Minimum Charge or above Maximum Charge. Since we have no control over the equipment and components used, any responsibility and liability for the results achieved is rejected.
Only powders/loads that match the current filter criteria are displayed: max pressure of a load ≤ 90% of max. standardized pressure, fill rate ≥ 80% and propellant combustion ≥ 95%. Use the sliders above the tables to adjust these thresholds.
Charge: Powder weight in grains. Start with the minimum load and work up carefully.
FR (Fill Rate): Case fill as a percentage. Values above 100% mean compressed loads.
MaxP / %: Maximum chamber pressure in bar and as a percentage of the standardized maximum for this caliber.
V(0): Muzzle velocity in feet per second (fps) at the standardized barrel length.
z (Powder Burn): Estimated propellant combustion percentage at bullet exit.
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You can find more information in our FAQ: How can I use the Personalized Load Calculator?
Max Load - Barrel Length: 24"
| Powder | Charge | FR | MaxP | % | V(0) | z |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Accurate 2015 | <<locked>> | 86% | 52,982 psi | 90% | 2648 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2460 | <<locked>> | 82% | 50,995 psi | 87% | 2664 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2495 | <<locked>> | 90% | 50,183 psi | 85% | 2657 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2520 | <<locked>> | 86% | 52,924 psi | 90% | 2726 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 4064 | <<locked>> | 92% | 50,256 psi | 86% | 2697 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 4350ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 49,617 psi | 84% | 2759 fps | 98.6% |
| ADI AR 2206H | <<locked>> | 88% | 52,069 psi | 89% | 2733 fps | 99.6% |
| ADI AR 2208 | <<locked>> | 94% | 53,084 psi | 90% | 2730 fps | 99.3% |
| ADI Benchmark 8208 | <<locked>> | 86% | 51,459 psi | 88% | 2694 fps | 99.9% |
| Alliant AR-Comp | <<locked>> | 86% | 51,329 psi | 87% | 2674 fps | 100% |
| Alliant Power Pro 1200-R | <<locked>> | 82% | 52,663 psi | 90% | 2789 fps | 99.8% |
| Alliant Power Pro 2000-MR | <<locked>> | 90% | 51,372 psi | 87% | 2835 fps | 99.2% |
| Alliant Reloder- TS 15.5 | <<locked>> | 94% | 52,533 psi | 89% | 2749 fps | 99.9% |
| Alliant Reloder-10x | <<locked>> | 82% | 52,605 psi | 90% | 2651 fps | 100% |
| Alliant Reloder-15 | <<locked>> | 90% | 49,908 psi | 85% | 2717 fps | 99.1% |
| Alliant Reloder-16ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 48,950 psi | 83% | 2769 fps | 98.8% |
| Alliant Reloder-17 | <<locked>> | 98% | 53,127 psi | 90% | 2861 fps | 99.9% |
| Alliant Reloder-23ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 34,272 psi | 58% | 2493 fps | 96.3% |
| Baschieri & Pellagri 107 | <<locked>> | 88% | 51,895 psi | 88% | 2746 fps | 99% |
| Bofors RP3 | <<locked>> | 94% | 52,634 psi | 90% | 2762 fps | 99.9% |
| Hodgdon Benchmark | <<locked>> | 84% | 50,096 psi | 85% | 2631 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon BL-C2 | <<locked>> | 86% | 50,009 psi | 85% | 2713 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon CFE223 | <<locked>> | 84% | 51,866 psi | 88% | 2805 fps | 99.4% |
| Hodgdon H322 | <<locked>> | 82% | 51,938 psi | 88% | 2690 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon H335 | <<locked>> | 82% | 52,895 psi | 90% | 2713 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon H380 | <<locked>> | 92% | 50,821 psi | 87% | 2723 fps | 98.3% |
| Hodgdon H414 | <<locked>> | 98% | 49,690 psi | 85% | 2756 fps | 96.1% |
| Hodgdon H4895 | <<locked>> | 88% | 52,533 psi | 89% | 2743 fps | 99.8% |
| Hodgdon Hybrid 100Vᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 44,904 psi | 76% | 2651 fps | 99.1% |
| Hodgdon LEVERevolution | <<locked>> | 90% | 51,576 psi | 88% | 2772 fps | 99.9% |
| Hodgdon TrailBossᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 34,766 psi | 59% | 1670 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon VARGET | <<locked>> | 88% | 50,546 psi | 86% | 2697 fps | 99.7% |
| IMR 3031 | <<locked>> | 88% | 51,924 psi | 88% | 2730 fps | 100% |
| IMR 4064 | <<locked>> | 92% | 52,518 psi | 89% | 2713 fps | 99.4% |
| IMR 4166 Enduron | <<locked>> | 90% | 53,040 psi | 90% | 2694 fps | 96.6% |
| IMR 4451 Enduron | <<locked>> | 96% | 52,315 psi | 89% | 2710 fps | 96.4% |
| IMR 4831ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 47,398 psi | 81% | 2703 fps | 98.3% |
| IMR 4895 | <<locked>> | 90% | 51,155 psi | 87% | 2749 fps | 99.6% |
| IMR 8208 XBR | <<locked>> | 86% | 51,459 psi | 88% | 2694 fps | 99.9% |
| Lovex D073.5 | <<locked>> | 82% | 51,024 psi | 87% | 2674 fps | 100% |
| Lovex D073.6 | <<locked>> | 88% | 51,111 psi | 87% | 2710 fps | 100% |
| Lovex S060 | <<locked>> | 88% | 52,359 psi | 89% | 2671 fps | 99.6% |
| Lovex S062 | <<locked>> | 92% | 51,938 psi | 88% | 2710 fps | 100% |
| Lovex S065 | <<locked>> | 98% | 51,155 psi | 87% | 2700 fps | 97.6% |
| Lovex S070ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 51,764 psi | 88% | 2730 fps | 96.7% |
| Norma 201 | <<locked>> | 88% | 50,662 psi | 86% | 2680 fps | 99.9% |
| Norma 202 | <<locked>> | 88% | 51,285 psi | 87% | 2690 fps | 100% |
| Norma 203B | <<locked>> | 92% | 52,330 psi | 89% | 2756 fps | 99.6% |
| Norma URPᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 49,342 psi | 84% | 2753 fps | 98.5% |
| Ramshot Big Game | <<locked>> | 92% | 52,910 psi | 90% | 2782 fps | 99.6% |
| Ramshot Hunterᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 48,675 psi | 83% | 2746 fps | 96.8% |
| Ramshot TAC | <<locked>> | 86% | 51,517 psi | 88% | 2697 fps | 97.8% |
| Ramshot Wild Boar | <<locked>> | 86% | 51,010 psi | 87% | 2720 fps | 99.5% |
| Ramshot X-Terminator | <<locked>> | 84% | 52,257 psi | 89% | 2690 fps | 99.5% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 14ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 35,172 psi | 60% | 1709 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 40 | <<locked>> | 82% | 50,763 psi | 86% | 2674 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 50 | <<locked>> | 92% | 51,314 psi | 87% | 2703 fps | 96.9% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 52 | <<locked>> | 88% | 49,734 psi | 85% | 2776 fps | 99.1% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 60 | <<locked>> | 96% | 52,953 psi | 90% | 2864 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 62ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 49,429 psi | 84% | 2779 fps | 98.4% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 70ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 50,299 psi | 86% | 2805 fps | 98% |
| Rottweil R 901 | <<locked>> | 86% | 51,764 psi | 88% | 2671 fps | 100% |
| Rottweil R 902 | <<locked>> | 90% | 51,126 psi | 87% | 2680 fps | 99.9% |
| Rottweil R 903 | <<locked>> | 96% | 52,562 psi | 89% | 2753 fps | 99.9% |
| Shooters World Long Rifle | <<locked>> | 98% | 51,155 psi | 87% | 2700 fps | 97.6% |
| Shooters World Match Rifle | <<locked>> | 88% | 51,111 psi | 87% | 2710 fps | 100% |
| Shooters World Precision | <<locked>> | 92% | 51,938 psi | 88% | 2710 fps | 100% |
| Shooters World SW4350ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 51,764 psi | 88% | 2730 fps | 96.7% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 11 | <<locked>> | 94% | 51,184 psi | 87% | 2762 fps | 99.5% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 7 | <<locked>> | 86% | 49,661 psi | 85% | 2674 fps | 98% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 9 | <<locked>> | 88% | 50,546 psi | 86% | 2703 fps | 99.4% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 3000 | <<locked>> | 88% | 52,721 psi | 90% | 2631 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 5000 | <<locked>> | 94% | 52,649 psi | 90% | 2631 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 7000 | <<locked>> | 98% | 51,532 psi | 88% | 2654 fps | 96.3% |
| Somchem S321 | <<locked>> | 84% | 52,185 psi | 89% | 2720 fps | 100% |
| Somchem S335 | <<locked>> | 88% | 51,822 psi | 88% | 2628 fps | 100% |
| Somchem S341 | <<locked>> | 88% | 53,011 psi | 90% | 2726 fps | 99.6% |
| Somchem S355 | <<locked>> | 96% | 53,127 psi | 90% | 2753 fps | 99.8% |
| Somchem S365ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 43,903 psi | 75% | 2700 fps | 99.8% |
| Vihtavuori N130 | <<locked>> | 84% | 52,634 psi | 90% | 2605 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N133 | <<locked>> | 88% | 52,852 psi | 90% | 2621 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N135 | <<locked>> | 90% | 50,604 psi | 86% | 2654 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N140 | <<locked>> | 90% | 51,866 psi | 88% | 2671 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N150 | <<locked>> | 96% | 51,329 psi | 87% | 2687 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N160ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 52,011 psi | 89% | 2753 fps | 98.8% |
| Vihtavuori N530 | <<locked>> | 86% | 51,706 psi | 88% | 2690 fps | 99.9% |
| Vihtavuori N540 | <<locked>> | 90% | 49,908 psi | 85% | 2664 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N550ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 50,865 psi | 87% | 2753 fps | 98.5% |
| Vihtavuori N555ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 36,550 psi | 62% | 2566 fps | 96.3% |
| Winchester 6.5 StaBALLᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 53,069 psi | 90% | 2740 fps | 99.9% |
| Winchester 748 | <<locked>> | 86% | 51,082 psi | 87% | 2733 fps | 100% |
| Winchester 760 | <<locked>> | 98% | 49,995 psi | 85% | 2759 fps | 96.2% |
| Winchester StaBALL Match | <<locked>> | 88% | 50,183 psi | 85% | 2710 fps | 99.7% |
Recommended = one of the top powders for this cartridge and bullet combination.
Start Load - Barrel Length: 24"
| Powder | Charge | FR | MaxP | % | V(0) | z |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Accurate 2015 | <<locked>> | 80% | 43,845 psi | 75% | 2513 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2460 | <<locked>> | 80% | 47,558 psi | 81% | 2612 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2495 | <<locked>> | 80% | 35,752 psi | 61% | 2421 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2520 | <<locked>> | 80% | 42,757 psi | 73% | 2569 fps | 99.9% |
| Accurate 4064 | <<locked>> | 80% | 33,852 psi | 58% | 2408 fps | 99.4% |
| Accurate 4350 | <<locked>> | 92% | 37,202 psi | 63% | 2533 fps | 95.7% |
| ADI AR 2206H | <<locked>> | 80% | 40,234 psi | 68% | 2526 fps | 97.8% |
| ADI AR 2208 | <<locked>> | 80% | 34,272 psi | 58% | 2379 fps | 95.2% |
| ADI Benchmark 8208 | <<locked>> | 80% | 42,366 psi | 72% | 2539 fps | 99.1% |
| Alliant AR-Comp | <<locked>> | 80% | 41,756 psi | 71% | 2536 fps | 100% |
| Alliant Power Pro 1200-R | <<locked>> | 80% | 49,342 psi | 84% | 2736 fps | 99.6% |
| Alliant Power Pro 2000-MR | 47.8 gr | 80% | 36,289 psi | 62% | 2533 fps | 95.4% |
| Alliant Reloder- TS 15.5 | <<locked>> | 80% | 33,460 psi | 57% | 2398 fps | 96.8% |
| Alliant Reloder-10x | <<locked>> | 80% | 49,588 psi | 84% | 2608 fps | 100% |
| Alliant Reloder-15 | <<locked>> | 80% | 36,056 psi | 61% | 2454 fps | 96.1% |
| Alliant Reloder-16 | <<locked>> | 90% | 35,708 psi | 61% | 2497 fps | 95% |
| Alliant Reloder-17 | 49.5 gr | 84% | 33,069 psi | 56% | 2461 fps | 95.9% |
| Alliant Reloder-23 | <<locked>> | 98% | 32,227 psi | 55% | 2441 fps | 95.3% |
| Baschieri & Pellagri 107 | <<locked>> | 80% | 39,291 psi | 67% | 2523 fps | 96.4% |
| Bofors RP3 | <<locked>> | 80% | 32,677 psi | 56% | 2392 fps | 96.7% |
| Hodgdon Benchmark | <<locked>> | 80% | 44,266 psi | 75% | 2536 fps | 99.6% |
| Hodgdon BL-C2 | <<locked>> | 80% | 40,611 psi | 69% | 2552 fps | 99.3% |
| Hodgdon CFE223 | <<locked>> | 80% | 45,020 psi | 77% | 2690 fps | 98.4% |
| Hodgdon H322 | <<locked>> | 80% | 48,660 psi | 83% | 2641 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon H335 | <<locked>> | 80% | 49,400 psi | 84% | 2664 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon H380 | <<locked>> | 84% | 38,754 psi | 66% | 2507 fps | 95.5% |
| Hodgdon H414 | <<locked>> | 96% | 46,586 psi | 79% | 2703 fps | 95.3% |
| Hodgdon H4895 | <<locked>> | 80% | 40,567 psi | 69% | 2536 fps | 98.3% |
| Hodgdon Hybrid 100V | <<locked>> | 90% | 32,576 psi | 55% | 2398 fps | 95.8% |
| Hodgdon LEVERevolution | <<locked>> | 80% | 36,463 psi | 62% | 2500 fps | 97.8% |
| Hodgdon TrailBoss | <<locked>> | 80% | 25,730 psi | 44% | 1490 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon VARGET | <<locked>> | 80% | 39,204 psi | 67% | 2493 fps | 98% |
| IMR 3031 | <<locked>> | 80% | 39,827 psi | 68% | 2543 fps | 100% |
| IMR 4064 | <<locked>> | 80% | 35,911 psi | 61% | 2415 fps | 96.1% |
| IMR 4166 Enduron | <<locked>> | 86% | 46,615 psi | 79% | 2585 fps | 95.1% |
| IMR 4451 Enduron | <<locked>> | 94% | 49,197 psi | 84% | 2661 fps | 95.7% |
| IMR 4831 | <<locked>> | 92% | 36,143 psi | 62% | 2493 fps | 95.4% |
| IMR 4895 | <<locked>> | 80% | 36,898 psi | 63% | 2487 fps | 97% |
| IMR 8208 XBR | <<locked>> | 80% | 42,366 psi | 72% | 2539 fps | 99.1% |
| Lovex D073.5 | <<locked>> | 80% | 47,587 psi | 81% | 2621 fps | 99.9% |
| Lovex D073.6 | <<locked>> | 80% | 38,827 psi | 66% | 2507 fps | 99.6% |
| Lovex S060 | <<locked>> | 80% | 40,843 psi | 70% | 2474 fps | 97.9% |
| Lovex S062 | <<locked>> | 80% | 35,563 psi | 61% | 2418 fps | 97.9% |
| Lovex S065 | <<locked>> | 92% | 42,424 psi | 72% | 2552 fps | 95.6% |
| Lovex S070 | <<locked>> | 96% | 45,629 psi | 78% | 2628 fps | 95.2% |
| Norma 201 | <<locked>> | 80% | 39,218 psi | 67% | 2480 fps | 98.7% |
| Norma 202 | <<locked>> | 80% | 39,639 psi | 67% | 2497 fps | 99.9% |
| Norma 203B | <<locked>> | 80% | 35,404 psi | 60% | 2444 fps | 96.5% |
| Norma URP | <<locked>> | 92% | 37,956 psi | 65% | 2543 fps | 95.8% |
| Ramshot Big Game | <<locked>> | 80% | 34,853 psi | 59% | 2451 fps | 96% |
| Ramshot Hunter | <<locked>> | 96% | 42,482 psi | 72% | 2631 fps | 95% |
| Ramshot TAC | <<locked>> | 80% | 42,221 psi | 72% | 2536 fps | 95.7% |
| Ramshot Wild Boar | <<locked>> | 80% | 41,568 psi | 71% | 2559 fps | 98% |
| Ramshot X-Terminator | <<locked>> | 80% | 45,774 psi | 78% | 2585 fps | 98.7% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 14 | <<locked>> | 80% | 25,947 psi | 44% | 1526 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 40 | <<locked>> | 80% | 47,645 psi | 81% | 2625 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 50 | <<locked>> | 88% | 45,049 psi | 77% | 2598 fps | 95.5% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 52 | <<locked>> | 80% | 37,492 psi | 64% | 2549 fps | 96.5% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 60 | 47.1 gr | 80% | 30,719 psi | 52% | 2411 fps | 97.5% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 62 | <<locked>> | 92% | 37,333 psi | 64% | 2552 fps | 95.3% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 70 | <<locked>> | 94% | 40,843 psi | 70% | 2625 fps | 95.4% |
| Rottweil R 901 | <<locked>> | 80% | 43,091 psi | 73% | 2530 fps | 100% |
| Rottweil R 902 | <<locked>> | 80% | 37,347 psi | 64% | 2434 fps | 98.2% |
| Rottweil R 903 | <<locked>> | 80% | 30,618 psi | 52% | 2336 fps | 95.5% |
| Shooters World Long Rifle | <<locked>> | 92% | 42,424 psi | 72% | 2552 fps | 95.6% |
| Shooters World Match Rifle | <<locked>> | 80% | 38,827 psi | 66% | 2507 fps | 99.6% |
| Shooters World Precision | <<locked>> | 80% | 35,563 psi | 61% | 2418 fps | 97.9% |
| Shooters World SW4350 | <<locked>> | 96% | 45,629 psi | 78% | 2628 fps | 95.2% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 11 | <<locked>> | 82% | 34,098 psi | 58% | 2441 fps | 95.8% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 7 | <<locked>> | 80% | 40,263 psi | 69% | 2507 fps | 95.8% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 9 | <<locked>> | 80% | 38,885 psi | 66% | 2497 fps | 97.4% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 3000 | <<locked>> | 80% | 41,104 psi | 70% | 2451 fps | 99.9% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 5000 | <<locked>> | 80% | 33,837 psi | 58% | 2320 fps | 99.7% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 7000 | <<locked>> | 96% | 48,254 psi | 82% | 2605 fps | 95.6% |
| Somchem S321 | <<locked>> | 80% | 45,513 psi | 77% | 2615 fps | 99.7% |
| Somchem S335 | <<locked>> | 80% | 40,393 psi | 69% | 2451 fps | 100% |
| Somchem S341 | <<locked>> | 80% | 40,001 psi | 68% | 2507 fps | 97.6% |
| Somchem S355 | <<locked>> | 80% | 31,720 psi | 54% | 2346 fps | 95.7% |
| Somchem S365 | <<locked>> | 86% | 27,688 psi | 47% | 2323 fps | 95.1% |
| Vihtavuori N130 | <<locked>> | 80% | 46,615 psi | 79% | 2520 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N133 | <<locked>> | 80% | 41,365 psi | 70% | 2451 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N135 | <<locked>> | 80% | 36,622 psi | 62% | 2431 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N140 | <<locked>> | 80% | 37,376 psi | 64% | 2434 fps | 99.8% |
| Vihtavuori N150 | <<locked>> | 80% | 30,110 psi | 51% | 2290 fps | 96.6% |
| Vihtavuori N160 | <<locked>> | 90% | 37,289 psi | 63% | 2490 fps | 95.4% |
| Vihtavuori N530 | <<locked>> | 80% | 42,308 psi | 72% | 2536 fps | 99.2% |
| Vihtavuori N540 | <<locked>> | 80% | 35,984 psi | 61% | 2421 fps | 99.5% |
| Vihtavuori N550 | <<locked>> | 92% | 39,160 psi | 67% | 2546 fps | 95.9% |
| Vihtavuori N555 | <<locked>> | 98% | 34,185 psi | 58% | 2510 fps | 95.4% |
| Winchester 6.5 StaBALL | <<locked>> | 84% | 30,850 psi | 53% | 2313 fps | 95.1% |
| Winchester 748 | <<locked>> | 80% | 41,568 psi | 71% | 2575 fps | 99.6% |
| Winchester 760 | <<locked>> | 96% | 46,586 psi | 79% | 2703 fps | 95.3% |
| Winchester StaBALL Match | <<locked>> | 80% | 37,985 psi | 65% | 2493 fps | 97.8% |
Recommended = one of the top powders for this cartridge and bullet combination.
ᴾ possible press load - work up slowly to this load while watching for signs of excessive pressure.
This overview compares 93 powders for .30-06 R Stief loaded with the .308 | 168gr | Reichenberg HDB Universal. ReloadSwiss RS 60 delivers the highest muzzle velocity at 2,864 fps; across all powders the maximum-charge window runs from 1,670 fps to 2,864 fps. Accurate 4350 gives the best case fill at 100 %, and 93 of the 93 powders fall inside the usable 80–100 % fill window.
Relative to the caliber's maximum pressure (405 MPa), the top charges use 58–90 %, leaving at least 10 % headroom. The 168.0 gr projectile in 0.308" calls for a 1:12.5 twist; slower twists will usually not stabilise this weight. Accurate 4350, Alliant Reloder-16, Alliant Reloder-23 reach 100 % fill or more at maximum charge, so these are compressed loads: they need a long drop tube to seat cleanly and react sensitively to the case capacity of your own brass lot. ReloadSwiss RS 60, Alliant Reloder-17, Alliant Power Pro 2000-MR rank at the top here: for .30-06 R Stief with the .308 | 168gr | Reichenberg HDB Universal they combine a high case fill with complete burn and sit in the upper velocity band. Always begin at the start load and work up in small increments while checking case and primer for pressure signs.