Load Specifications
Load data in caliber .30-06 R Stief with .308 | 165gr | Frontier PH HPBT bullet and 93 powders. The key underlying parameters are shown in the table above. The recommended powders for this cartridge and bullet combination are Alliant Power Pro 2000-MR, ReloadSwiss RS 60 and Alliant Reloder-17.
Important Notice: DO NOT go below Minimum Charge or above Maximum Charge. Since we have no control over the equipment and components used, any responsibility and liability for the results achieved is rejected.
Only powders/loads that match the current filter criteria are displayed: max pressure of a load ≤ 90% of max. standardized pressure, fill rate ≥ 80% and propellant combustion ≥ 95%. Use the sliders above the tables to adjust these thresholds.
Charge: Powder weight in grains. Start with the minimum load and work up carefully.
FR (Fill Rate): Case fill as a percentage. Values above 100% mean compressed loads.
MaxP / %: Maximum chamber pressure in bar and as a percentage of the standardized maximum for this caliber.
V(0): Muzzle velocity in feet per second (fps) at the standardized barrel length.
z (Powder Burn): Estimated propellant combustion percentage at bullet exit.
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You can find more information in our FAQ: How can I use the Personalized Load Calculator?
Max Load - Barrel Length: 24"
| Powder | Charge | FR | MaxP | % | V(0) | z |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Accurate 2015 | <<locked>> | 86% | 52,895 psi | 90% | 2657 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2460 | <<locked>> | 82% | 51,082 psi | 87% | 2677 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2495 | <<locked>> | 90% | 50,560 psi | 86% | 2674 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2520 | <<locked>> | 86% | 52,895 psi | 90% | 2736 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 4064 | <<locked>> | 92% | 50,531 psi | 86% | 2713 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 4350ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 49,313 psi | 84% | 2766 fps | 98.3% |
| ADI AR 2206H | <<locked>> | 88% | 51,967 psi | 88% | 2743 fps | 99.4% |
| ADI AR 2208 | <<locked>> | 94% | 52,910 psi | 90% | 2740 fps | 99.1% |
| ADI Benchmark 8208 | <<locked>> | 86% | 51,242 psi | 87% | 2700 fps | 99.8% |
| Alliant AR-Comp | <<locked>> | 86% | 51,010 psi | 87% | 2684 fps | 100% |
| Alliant Power Pro 1200-R | <<locked>> | 82% | 52,678 psi | 90% | 2802 fps | 99.8% |
| Alliant Power Pro 2000-MR | <<locked>> | 90% | 50,952 psi | 87% | 2838 fps | 98.9% |
| Alliant Reloder- TS 15.5 | <<locked>> | 94% | 52,417 psi | 89% | 2762 fps | 99.8% |
| Alliant Reloder-10x | <<locked>> | 82% | 52,678 psi | 90% | 2664 fps | 100% |
| Alliant Reloder-15 | <<locked>> | 92% | 53,069 psi | 90% | 2779 fps | 99.3% |
| Alliant Reloder-16ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 48,573 psi | 83% | 2772 fps | 98.4% |
| Alliant Reloder-17 | <<locked>> | 98% | 52,750 psi | 90% | 2867 fps | 99.9% |
| Baschieri & Pellagri 107 | <<locked>> | 88% | 51,474 psi | 88% | 2753 fps | 98.7% |
| Bofors RP3 | <<locked>> | 94% | 52,736 psi | 90% | 2776 fps | 99.9% |
| Hodgdon Benchmark | <<locked>> | 86% | 53,040 psi | 90% | 2687 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon BL-C2 | <<locked>> | 86% | 49,995 psi | 85% | 2726 fps | 99.9% |
| Hodgdon CFE223 | <<locked>> | 84% | 51,547 psi | 88% | 2812 fps | 99.1% |
| Hodgdon H322 | <<locked>> | 82% | 51,634 psi | 88% | 2700 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon H335 | <<locked>> | 82% | 52,678 psi | 90% | 2726 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon H380 | <<locked>> | 92% | 50,517 psi | 86% | 2730 fps | 98% |
| Hodgdon H414ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 52,895 psi | 90% | 2818 fps | 96.4% |
| Hodgdon H4895 | <<locked>> | 88% | 52,402 psi | 89% | 2756 fps | 99.7% |
| Hodgdon Hybrid 100Vᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 44,643 psi | 76% | 2657 fps | 98.9% |
| Hodgdon LEVERevolution | <<locked>> | 90% | 51,082 psi | 87% | 2779 fps | 99.8% |
| Hodgdon TrailBossᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 34,983 psi | 60% | 1680 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon VARGET | <<locked>> | 88% | 50,372 psi | 86% | 2707 fps | 99.5% |
| IMR 3031 | <<locked>> | 88% | 51,663 psi | 88% | 2743 fps | 100% |
| IMR 4064 | <<locked>> | 92% | 52,373 psi | 89% | 2723 fps | 99.2% |
| IMR 4166 Enduron | <<locked>> | 90% | 52,910 psi | 90% | 2700 fps | 96.2% |
| IMR 4198 | <<locked>> | 82% | 53,055 psi | 90% | 2628 fps | 100% |
| IMR 4451 Enduron | <<locked>> | 96% | 52,170 psi | 89% | 2717 fps | 96% |
| IMR 4831ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 47,152 psi | 80% | 2713 fps | 98% |
| IMR 4895 | <<locked>> | 90% | 51,053 psi | 87% | 2759 fps | 99.4% |
| IMR 8208 XBR | <<locked>> | 86% | 51,242 psi | 87% | 2700 fps | 99.8% |
| Lovex D073.5 | <<locked>> | 82% | 51,126 psi | 87% | 2687 fps | 100% |
| Lovex D073.6 | <<locked>> | 88% | 51,126 psi | 87% | 2723 fps | 100% |
| Lovex S060 | <<locked>> | 88% | 52,170 psi | 89% | 2680 fps | 99.4% |
| Lovex S062 | <<locked>> | 92% | 51,909 psi | 88% | 2723 fps | 99.9% |
| Lovex S065 | <<locked>> | 98% | 50,908 psi | 87% | 2707 fps | 97.3% |
| Lovex S070ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 51,576 psi | 88% | 2736 fps | 96.3% |
| Norma 201 | <<locked>> | 88% | 50,676 psi | 86% | 2690 fps | 99.8% |
| Norma 202 | <<locked>> | 88% | 51,155 psi | 87% | 2700 fps | 100% |
| Norma 203B | <<locked>> | 92% | 52,228 psi | 89% | 2766 fps | 99.5% |
| Norma URPᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 48,936 psi | 83% | 2756 fps | 98.2% |
| Ramshot Big Game | <<locked>> | 92% | 52,431 psi | 89% | 2789 fps | 99.4% |
| Ramshot Hunterᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 48,182 psi | 82% | 2746 fps | 96.3% |
| Ramshot TAC | <<locked>> | 86% | 51,474 psi | 88% | 2707 fps | 97.5% |
| Ramshot Wild Boar | <<locked>> | 86% | 50,604 psi | 86% | 2726 fps | 99.3% |
| Ramshot X-Terminator | <<locked>> | 84% | 52,185 psi | 89% | 2700 fps | 99.3% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 14ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 35,186 psi | 60% | 1716 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 40 | <<locked>> | 82% | 50,560 psi | 86% | 2680 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 50 | <<locked>> | 92% | 51,271 psi | 87% | 2713 fps | 96.6% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 52 | <<locked>> | 90% | 52,939 psi | 90% | 2841 fps | 99.3% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 60 | <<locked>> | 96% | 52,547 psi | 89% | 2874 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 62ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 49,139 psi | 84% | 2789 fps | 98.1% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 70ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 49,777 psi | 85% | 2805 fps | 97.6% |
| Rottweil R 901 | <<locked>> | 86% | 51,895 psi | 88% | 2684 fps | 100% |
| Rottweil R 902 | <<locked>> | 90% | 51,169 psi | 87% | 2690 fps | 99.8% |
| Rottweil R 903 | <<locked>> | 96% | 52,228 psi | 89% | 2759 fps | 99.8% |
| Shooters World Long Rifle | <<locked>> | 98% | 50,908 psi | 87% | 2707 fps | 97.3% |
| Shooters World Match Rifle | <<locked>> | 88% | 51,126 psi | 87% | 2723 fps | 100% |
| Shooters World Precision | <<locked>> | 92% | 51,909 psi | 88% | 2723 fps | 99.9% |
| Shooters World SW4350ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 51,576 psi | 88% | 2736 fps | 96.3% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 11 | <<locked>> | 94% | 50,734 psi | 86% | 2769 fps | 99.3% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 7 | <<locked>> | 88% | 52,953 psi | 90% | 2736 fps | 98.3% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 9 | <<locked>> | 88% | 50,372 psi | 86% | 2713 fps | 99.2% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 3000 | <<locked>> | 88% | 52,518 psi | 89% | 2641 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 5000 | <<locked>> | 94% | 52,446 psi | 89% | 2641 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 7000 | <<locked>> | 98% | 51,242 psi | 87% | 2661 fps | 95.9% |
| Somchem S321 | <<locked>> | 84% | 52,141 psi | 89% | 2730 fps | 99.9% |
| Somchem S335 | <<locked>> | 88% | 51,779 psi | 88% | 2641 fps | 100% |
| Somchem S341 | <<locked>> | 88% | 52,562 psi | 89% | 2733 fps | 99.4% |
| Somchem S355 | <<locked>> | 96% | 53,098 psi | 90% | 2762 fps | 99.7% |
| Somchem S365ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 43,671 psi | 74% | 2710 fps | 99.7% |
| Vihtavuori N130 | <<locked>> | 84% | 52,373 psi | 89% | 2615 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N133 | <<locked>> | 88% | 52,605 psi | 90% | 2631 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N135 | <<locked>> | 90% | 50,473 psi | 86% | 2667 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N140 | <<locked>> | 90% | 51,401 psi | 88% | 2677 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N150 | <<locked>> | 96% | 50,966 psi | 87% | 2694 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N160ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 51,576 psi | 88% | 2756 fps | 98.5% |
| Vihtavuori N530 | <<locked>> | 86% | 51,532 psi | 88% | 2697 fps | 99.9% |
| Vihtavuori N540 | <<locked>> | 92% | 53,069 psi | 90% | 2720 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N550ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 50,575 psi | 86% | 2762 fps | 98.2% |
| Vihtavuori N555ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 36,521 psi | 62% | 2572 fps | 95.9% |
| Winchester 6.5 StaBALLᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 52,837 psi | 90% | 2746 fps | 99.8% |
| Winchester 748 | <<locked>> | 86% | 50,865 psi | 87% | 2743 fps | 100% |
| Winchester 760ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 52,895 psi | 90% | 2818 fps | 96.4% |
| Winchester StaBALL Match | <<locked>> | 88% | 49,777 psi | 85% | 2717 fps | 99.5% |
Recommended = one of the top powders for this cartridge and bullet combination.
Start Load - Barrel Length: 24"
| Powder | Charge | FR | MaxP | % | V(0) | z |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Accurate 2015 | <<locked>> | 80% | 43,845 psi | 75% | 2526 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2460 | <<locked>> | 80% | 47,921 psi | 82% | 2631 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2495 | <<locked>> | 80% | 36,492 psi | 62% | 2444 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2520 | <<locked>> | 80% | 43,062 psi | 73% | 2585 fps | 99.9% |
| Accurate 4064 | <<locked>> | 80% | 34,490 psi | 59% | 2428 fps | 99.4% |
| Accurate 4350 | <<locked>> | 92% | 37,405 psi | 64% | 2546 fps | 95.4% |
| ADI AR 2206H | <<locked>> | 80% | 40,234 psi | 68% | 2536 fps | 97.5% |
| ADI AR 2208 | <<locked>> | 82% | 36,506 psi | 62% | 2438 fps | 95.6% |
| ADI Benchmark 8208 | <<locked>> | 80% | 42,235 psi | 72% | 2549 fps | 98.9% |
| Alliant AR-Comp | <<locked>> | 80% | 41,756 psi | 71% | 2549 fps | 100% |
| Alliant Power Pro 1200-R | <<locked>> | 80% | 49,052 psi | 84% | 2743 fps | 99.5% |
| Alliant Power Pro 2000-MR | 47.2 gr | 80% | 36,318 psi | 62% | 2539 fps | 95% |
| Alliant Reloder- TS 15.5 | <<locked>> | 80% | 33,533 psi | 57% | 2408 fps | 96.5% |
| Alliant Reloder-10x | <<locked>> | 80% | 49,371 psi | 84% | 2618 fps | 100% |
| Alliant Reloder-15 | <<locked>> | 80% | 36,114 psi | 61% | 2464 fps | 95.7% |
| Alliant Reloder-16 | <<locked>> | 92% | 38,087 psi | 65% | 2562 fps | 95.5% |
| Alliant Reloder-17 | 48.8 gr | 84% | 32,996 psi | 56% | 2467 fps | 95.4% |
| Baschieri & Pellagri 107 | <<locked>> | 80% | 39,247 psi | 67% | 2530 fps | 96.1% |
| Bofors RP3 | <<locked>> | 80% | 32,880 psi | 56% | 2408 fps | 96.4% |
| Hodgdon Benchmark | <<locked>> | 80% | 44,411 psi | 76% | 2549 fps | 99.5% |
| Hodgdon BL-C2 | <<locked>> | 80% | 40,611 psi | 69% | 2562 fps | 99.1% |
| Hodgdon CFE223 | <<locked>> | 80% | 44,556 psi | 76% | 2694 fps | 98% |
| Hodgdon H322 | <<locked>> | 80% | 48,370 psi | 82% | 2651 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon H335 | <<locked>> | 80% | 49,226 psi | 84% | 2674 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon H380 | <<locked>> | 84% | 38,899 psi | 66% | 2516 fps | 95.2% |
| Hodgdon H414 | <<locked>> | 98% | 49,356 psi | 84% | 2759 fps | 95.6% |
| Hodgdon H4895 | <<locked>> | 80% | 40,524 psi | 69% | 2546 fps | 98.1% |
| Hodgdon Hybrid 100V | <<locked>> | 90% | 32,706 psi | 56% | 2405 fps | 95.5% |
| Hodgdon LEVERevolution | <<locked>> | 80% | 36,477 psi | 62% | 2510 fps | 97.5% |
| Hodgdon TrailBoss | <<locked>> | 80% | 25,846 psi | 44% | 1499 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon VARGET | <<locked>> | 80% | 39,059 psi | 66% | 2503 fps | 97.7% |
| IMR 3031 | <<locked>> | 80% | 39,900 psi | 68% | 2556 fps | 100% |
| IMR 4064 | <<locked>> | 80% | 35,897 psi | 61% | 2421 fps | 95.7% |
| IMR 4166 Enduron | <<locked>> | 88% | 49,777 psi | 85% | 2651 fps | 95.5% |
| IMR 4198 | <<locked>> | 80% | 50,009 psi | 85% | 2585 fps | 100% |
| IMR 4451 Enduron | <<locked>> | 94% | 49,110 psi | 84% | 2667 fps | 95.3% |
| IMR 4831 | <<locked>> | 92% | 36,260 psi | 62% | 2503 fps | 95.1% |
| IMR 4895 | <<locked>> | 80% | 36,941 psi | 63% | 2497 fps | 96.7% |
| IMR 8208 XBR | <<locked>> | 80% | 42,235 psi | 72% | 2549 fps | 98.9% |
| Lovex D073.5 | <<locked>> | 80% | 47,703 psi | 81% | 2635 fps | 99.9% |
| Lovex D073.6 | <<locked>> | 80% | 38,943 psi | 66% | 2520 fps | 99.5% |
| Lovex S060 | <<locked>> | 80% | 40,770 psi | 69% | 2480 fps | 97.7% |
| Lovex S062 | <<locked>> | 80% | 35,679 psi | 61% | 2428 fps | 97.6% |
| Lovex S065 | <<locked>> | 92% | 42,540 psi | 72% | 2562 fps | 95.2% |
| Lovex S070 | <<locked>> | 98% | 48,385 psi | 82% | 2684 fps | 95.5% |
| Norma 201 | <<locked>> | 80% | 39,610 psi | 67% | 2497 fps | 98.5% |
| Norma 202 | <<locked>> | 80% | 39,610 psi | 67% | 2507 fps | 99.8% |
| Norma 203B | <<locked>> | 80% | 35,476 psi | 60% | 2454 fps | 96.2% |
| Norma URP | <<locked>> | 92% | 37,782 psi | 64% | 2546 fps | 95.3% |
| Ramshot Big Game | <<locked>> | 80% | 34,940 psi | 59% | 2461 fps | 95.7% |
| Ramshot Hunter | <<locked>> | 98% | 45,266 psi | 77% | 2694 fps | 95.5% |
| Ramshot TAC | <<locked>> | 80% | 42,221 psi | 72% | 2546 fps | 95.4% |
| Ramshot Wild Boar | <<locked>> | 80% | 41,510 psi | 71% | 2569 fps | 97.8% |
| Ramshot X-Terminator | <<locked>> | 80% | 45,759 psi | 78% | 2595 fps | 98.5% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 14 | <<locked>> | 80% | 26,136 psi | 44% | 1535 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 40 | <<locked>> | 80% | 47,500 psi | 81% | 2635 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 50 | <<locked>> | 88% | 44,846 psi | 76% | 2602 fps | 95% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 52 | <<locked>> | 80% | 37,434 psi | 64% | 2559 fps | 96.1% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 60 | 46.5 gr | 80% | 30,893 psi | 53% | 2421 fps | 97.2% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 62 | <<locked>> | 94% | 39,972 psi | 68% | 2618 fps | 95.8% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 70 | <<locked>> | 96% | 43,642 psi | 74% | 2687 fps | 95.9% |
| Rottweil R 901 | <<locked>> | 80% | 43,294 psi | 74% | 2543 fps | 99.9% |
| Rottweil R 902 | <<locked>> | 80% | 37,753 psi | 64% | 2451 fps | 98.1% |
| Rottweil R 903 | <<locked>> | 80% | 31,038 psi | 53% | 2352 fps | 95.3% |
| Shooters World Long Rifle | <<locked>> | 92% | 42,540 psi | 72% | 2562 fps | 95.2% |
| Shooters World Match Rifle | <<locked>> | 80% | 38,943 psi | 66% | 2520 fps | 99.5% |
| Shooters World Precision | <<locked>> | 80% | 35,679 psi | 61% | 2428 fps | 97.6% |
| Shooters World SW4350 | <<locked>> | 98% | 48,385 psi | 82% | 2684 fps | 95.5% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 11 | <<locked>> | 82% | 34,185 psi | 58% | 2451 fps | 95.5% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 7 | <<locked>> | 80% | 40,393 psi | 69% | 2516 fps | 95.5% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 9 | <<locked>> | 80% | 38,856 psi | 66% | 2507 fps | 97.1% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 3000 | <<locked>> | 80% | 41,002 psi | 70% | 2461 fps | 99.9% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 5000 | <<locked>> | 80% | 33,837 psi | 58% | 2329 fps | 99.6% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 7000 | <<locked>> | 96% | 47,964 psi | 82% | 2608 fps | 95.1% |
| Somchem S321 | <<locked>> | 80% | 45,542 psi | 78% | 2625 fps | 99.5% |
| Somchem S335 | <<locked>> | 80% | 40,669 psi | 69% | 2467 fps | 100% |
| Somchem S341 | <<locked>> | 80% | 39,958 psi | 68% | 2516 fps | 97.3% |
| Somchem S355 | <<locked>> | 80% | 32,082 psi | 55% | 2365 fps | 95.5% |
| Somchem S365 | <<locked>> | 88% | 29,776 psi | 51% | 2388 fps | 95.8% |
| Vihtavuori N130 | <<locked>> | 80% | 46,427 psi | 79% | 2526 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N133 | <<locked>> | 80% | 41,191 psi | 70% | 2461 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N135 | <<locked>> | 80% | 36,622 psi | 62% | 2441 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N140 | <<locked>> | 80% | 37,594 psi | 64% | 2448 fps | 99.7% |
| Vihtavuori N150 | <<locked>> | 80% | 30,458 psi | 52% | 2306 fps | 96.5% |
| Vihtavuori N160 | <<locked>> | 90% | 37,362 psi | 64% | 2500 fps | 95% |
| Vihtavuori N530 | <<locked>> | 80% | 42,250 psi | 72% | 2546 fps | 99% |
| Vihtavuori N540 | <<locked>> | 80% | 36,071 psi | 61% | 2431 fps | 99.3% |
| Vihtavuori N550 | <<locked>> | 92% | 39,015 psi | 66% | 2552 fps | 95.4% |
| Vihtavuori N555 | <<locked>> | 98% | 34,476 psi | 59% | 2526 fps | 95.1% |
| Winchester 6.5 StaBALL | <<locked>> | 86% | 33,156 psi | 56% | 2379 fps | 95.7% |
| Winchester 748 | <<locked>> | 80% | 41,437 psi | 71% | 2585 fps | 99.4% |
| Winchester 760 | <<locked>> | 98% | 49,632 psi | 84% | 2766 fps | 95.7% |
| Winchester StaBALL Match | <<locked>> | 80% | 38,203 psi | 65% | 2510 fps | 97.6% |
Recommended = one of the top powders for this cartridge and bullet combination.
ᴾ possible press load - work up slowly to this load while watching for signs of excessive pressure.
This overview compares 93 powders for .30-06 R Stief loaded with the .308 | 165gr | Frontier PH HPBT. ReloadSwiss RS 60 delivers the highest muzzle velocity at 2,874 fps; across all powders the maximum-charge window runs from 1,680 fps to 2,874 fps. Accurate 4350 gives the best case fill at 100 %, and 93 of the 93 powders fall inside the usable 80–100 % fill window.
Relative to the caliber's maximum pressure (405 MPa), the top charges use 60–90 %, leaving at least 10 % headroom. The 165.0 gr projectile in 0.308" calls for a 1:12.0 twist; slower twists will usually not stabilise this weight. Accurate 4350, Alliant Reloder-16, Hodgdon H414 reach 100 % fill or more at maximum charge, so these are compressed loads: they need a long drop tube to seat cleanly and react sensitively to the case capacity of your own brass lot. Alliant Power Pro 2000-MR, ReloadSwiss RS 60, Alliant Reloder-17 rank at the top here: for .30-06 R Stief with the .308 | 165gr | Frontier PH HPBT they combine a high case fill with complete burn and sit in the upper velocity band. Always begin at the start load and work up in small increments while checking case and primer for pressure signs.