Load Specifications
Load data in caliber .260 Rem. with .264 | 140gr | Speer Grand Slam bullet and 94 powders. The key underlying parameters are shown in the table above. The recommended powders for this cartridge and bullet combination are ReloadSwiss RS 70, Alliant Reloder-17 and ReloadSwiss RS 60.
Important Notice: DO NOT go below Minimum Charge or above Maximum Charge. Since we have no control over the equipment and components used, any responsibility and liability for the results achieved is rejected.
Only powders/loads that match the current filter criteria are displayed: max pressure of a load ≤ 90% of max. standardized pressure, fill rate ≥ 80% and propellant combustion ≥ 95%. Use the sliders above the tables to adjust these thresholds.
Charge: Powder weight in grains. Start with the minimum load and work up carefully.
FR (Fill Rate): Case fill as a percentage. Values above 100% mean compressed loads.
MaxP / %: Maximum chamber pressure in bar and as a percentage of the standardized maximum for this caliber.
V(0): Muzzle velocity in feet per second (fps) at the standardized barrel length.
z (Powder Burn): Estimated propellant combustion percentage at bullet exit.
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You can find more information in our FAQ: How can I use the Personalized Load Calculator?
Max Load - Barrel Length: 24"
| Powder | Charge | FR | MaxP | % | V(0) | z |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Accurate 2495 | <<locked>> | 84% | 53,548 psi | 89% | 2582 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2700 | <<locked>> | 84% | 51,779 psi | 86% | 2592 fps | 97.9% |
| Accurate 3100ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 47,543 psi | 79% | 2615 fps | 98.7% |
| Accurate 4064 | <<locked>> | 86% | 53,795 psi | 89% | 2631 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 4350 | <<locked>> | 94% | 53,737 psi | 89% | 2723 fps | 100% |
| ADI AR 2206H | <<locked>> | 82% | 53,258 psi | 88% | 2654 fps | 100% |
| ADI AR 2208 | <<locked>> | 88% | 54,114 psi | 90% | 2657 fps | 100% |
| ADI AR 2209 | <<locked>> | 98% | 51,677 psi | 86% | 2710 fps | 97.2% |
| Alliant Power Pro 2000-MR | <<locked>> | 84% | 52,910 psi | 88% | 2772 fps | 100% |
| Alliant Power Pro Varmint | <<locked>> | 98% | 51,387 psi | 85% | 2703 fps | 97.2% |
| Alliant Reloder- TS 15.5 | <<locked>> | 86% | 51,517 psi | 86% | 2638 fps | 100% |
| Alliant Reloder-15 | <<locked>> | 84% | 51,706 psi | 86% | 2654 fps | 100% |
| Alliant Reloder-16 | <<locked>> | 96% | 54,404 psi | 90% | 2772 fps | 100% |
| Alliant Reloder-17 | <<locked>> | 90% | 52,272 psi | 87% | 2756 fps | 100% |
| Alliant Reloder-19ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 53,896 psi | 90% | 2746 fps | 97.7% |
| Alliant Reloder-22ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 47,485 psi | 79% | 2690 fps | 96.6% |
| Alliant Reloder-23ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 44,744 psi | 74% | 2641 fps | 100% |
| Alliant Reloder-25ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 39,421 psi | 65% | 2556 fps | 97.7% |
| Alliant Reloder-26ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 50,633 psi | 84% | 2812 fps | 99.9% |
| Baschieri & Pellagri 107 | <<locked>> | 82% | 52,765 psi | 88% | 2671 fps | 100% |
| Bofors RP3 | <<locked>> | 86% | 51,721 psi | 86% | 2648 fps | 100% |
| Bofors RP5ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 47,485 psi | 79% | 2690 fps | 96.6% |
| Bofors RP7 | <<locked>> | 90% | 51,822 psi | 86% | 2628 fps | 98.1% |
| Hodgdon H380 | <<locked>> | 86% | 52,649 psi | 87% | 2664 fps | 99.8% |
| Hodgdon H414 | <<locked>> | 92% | 52,765 psi | 88% | 2723 fps | 98.8% |
| Hodgdon H4350 | <<locked>> | 90% | 52,953 psi | 88% | 2684 fps | 97.8% |
| Hodgdon H4895 | <<locked>> | 82% | 53,838 psi | 89% | 2664 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon Hybrid 100V | <<locked>> | 96% | 51,416 psi | 85% | 2657 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon LEVERevolution | <<locked>> | 84% | 53,505 psi | 89% | 2697 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon Superformance | <<locked>> | 92% | 52,417 psi | 87% | 2753 fps | 98.5% |
| Hodgdon TrailBossᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 36,071 psi | 60% | 1637 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon VARGET | <<locked>> | 82% | 51,619 psi | 86% | 2618 fps | 100% |
| IMR 3031 | <<locked>> | 82% | 54,085 psi | 90% | 2641 fps | 100% |
| IMR 4064 | <<locked>> | 86% | 53,940 psi | 90% | 2644 fps | 100% |
| IMR 4166 Enduron | <<locked>> | 84% | 53,345 psi | 89% | 2628 fps | 98.8% |
| IMR 4350 | <<locked>> | 94% | 52,141 psi | 87% | 2654 fps | 98.2% |
| IMR 4451 Enduron | <<locked>> | 90% | 53,258 psi | 88% | 2654 fps | 98.7% |
| IMR 4831 | <<locked>> | 96% | 54,157 psi | 90% | 2717 fps | 100% |
| IMR 4895 | <<locked>> | 84% | 53,026 psi | 88% | 2680 fps | 100% |
| Lovex D073.6 | <<locked>> | 82% | 53,127 psi | 88% | 2631 fps | 100% |
| Lovex S060 | <<locked>> | 82% | 52,576 psi | 87% | 2589 fps | 100% |
| Lovex S062 | <<locked>> | 86% | 53,650 psi | 89% | 2635 fps | 100% |
| Lovex S065 | <<locked>> | 92% | 53,084 psi | 88% | 2651 fps | 99.5% |
| Lovex S070 | <<locked>> | 94% | 54,201 psi | 90% | 2690 fps | 99.1% |
| Lovex S071ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 39,479 psi | 66% | 2474 fps | 97.1% |
| Norma 201 | <<locked>> | 82% | 52,156 psi | 87% | 2605 fps | 100% |
| Norma 202 | <<locked>> | 82% | 52,721 psi | 88% | 2602 fps | 100% |
| Norma 203B | <<locked>> | 86% | 54,273 psi | 90% | 2687 fps | 100% |
| Norma 204 | <<locked>> | 94% | 52,721 psi | 88% | 2703 fps | 97.2% |
| Norma MRPᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 50,198 psi | 83% | 2769 fps | 98.5% |
| Norma URP | <<locked>> | 94% | 52,605 psi | 87% | 2710 fps | 99.9% |
| Ramshot Big Game | <<locked>> | 84% | 51,314 psi | 85% | 2664 fps | 100% |
| Ramshot Hunter | <<locked>> | 94% | 51,416 psi | 85% | 2710 fps | 99.2% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 14ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 36,666 psi | 61% | 1677 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 50 | <<locked>> | 86% | 52,620 psi | 87% | 2648 fps | 99.1% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 52 | <<locked>> | 82% | 52,141 psi | 87% | 2713 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 60 | <<locked>> | 88% | 51,793 psi | 86% | 2749 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 62 | <<locked>> | 94% | 53,200 psi | 88% | 2743 fps | 99.9% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 70 | <<locked>> | 94% | 52,330 psi | 87% | 2772 fps | 99.9% |
| Rottweil R 902 | <<locked>> | 84% | 52,562 psi | 87% | 2602 fps | 100% |
| Rottweil R 903 | <<locked>> | 88% | 51,967 psi | 86% | 2644 fps | 100% |
| Rottweil R 904 | <<locked>> | 98% | 53,417 psi | 89% | 2680 fps | 96.4% |
| Rottweil R 905ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 53,098 psi | 88% | 2733 fps | 97.7% |
| Rottweil R 907 | <<locked>> | 90% | 51,822 psi | 86% | 2628 fps | 98.1% |
| Shooters World Long Rifle | <<locked>> | 92% | 53,084 psi | 88% | 2651 fps | 99.5% |
| Shooters World Match Rifle | <<locked>> | 82% | 53,127 psi | 88% | 2631 fps | 100% |
| Shooters World Precision | <<locked>> | 86% | 53,650 psi | 89% | 2635 fps | 100% |
| Shooters World SW4350 | <<locked>> | 94% | 54,201 psi | 90% | 2690 fps | 99.1% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 11 | <<locked>> | 88% | 53,272 psi | 89% | 2700 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 7 | <<locked>> | 82% | 54,143 psi | 90% | 2657 fps | 99.8% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 9 | <<locked>> | 82% | 51,605 psi | 86% | 2628 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 3000 | <<locked>> | 82% | 52,953 psi | 88% | 2536 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 5000 | <<locked>> | 88% | 53,505 psi | 89% | 2539 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 7000 | <<locked>> | 92% | 52,852 psi | 88% | 2605 fps | 98.7% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 8000ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 52,605 psi | 87% | 2730 fps | 97.6% |
| Somchem S335 | <<locked>> | 82% | 52,823 psi | 88% | 2539 fps | 100% |
| Somchem S341 | <<locked>> | 82% | 53,708 psi | 89% | 2648 fps | 100% |
| Somchem S355 | <<locked>> | 88% | 52,315 psi | 87% | 2644 fps | 100% |
| Somchem S365 | <<locked>> | 96% | 50,937 psi | 85% | 2710 fps | 100% |
| Somchem S385ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 53,708 psi | 89% | 2710 fps | 98.5% |
| Vihtavuori N133 | <<locked>> | 82% | 53,403 psi | 89% | 2523 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N135 | <<locked>> | 84% | 52,663 psi | 87% | 2566 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N140 | <<locked>> | 84% | 53,185 psi | 88% | 2582 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N150 | <<locked>> | 90% | 53,388 psi | 89% | 2618 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N160 | <<locked>> | 92% | 51,619 psi | 86% | 2661 fps | 99.9% |
| Vihtavuori N165ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 46,238 psi | 77% | 2582 fps | 96.7% |
| Vihtavuori N540 | <<locked>> | 84% | 51,198 psi | 85% | 2579 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N550 | <<locked>> | 94% | 53,867 psi | 89% | 2710 fps | 99.9% |
| Vihtavuori N555ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 49,908 psi | 83% | 2710 fps | 100% |
| Winchester 6.5 StaBALL | <<locked>> | 94% | 54,433 psi | 90% | 2677 fps | 100% |
| Winchester 760 | <<locked>> | 92% | 52,765 psi | 88% | 2723 fps | 98.8% |
| Winchester StaBALL HDᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 40,234 psi | 67% | 2677 fps | 100% |
| Winchester StaBALL Match | <<locked>> | 82% | 51,416 psi | 85% | 2635 fps | 100% |
| Winchester Supreme 780ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 50,473 psi | 84% | 2654 fps | 96.9% |
Recommended = one of the top powders for this cartridge and bullet combination.
Start Load - Barrel Length: 24"
| Powder | Charge | FR | MaxP | % | V(0) | z |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Accurate 2495 | <<locked>> | 80% | 47,050 psi | 78% | 2493 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2700 | <<locked>> | 80% | 45,513 psi | 76% | 2487 fps | 96.6% |
| Accurate 3100 | <<locked>> | 90% | 33,765 psi | 56% | 2356 fps | 95.1% |
| Accurate 4064 | <<locked>> | 80% | 44,541 psi | 74% | 2497 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 4350 | <<locked>> | 80% | 33,301 psi | 55% | 2356 fps | 96.9% |
| ADI AR 2206H | <<locked>> | 80% | 50,053 psi | 83% | 2608 fps | 100% |
| ADI AR 2208 | <<locked>> | 80% | 42,511 psi | 71% | 2470 fps | 99.3% |
| ADI AR 2209 | <<locked>> | 94% | 45,194 psi | 75% | 2595 fps | 95.6% |
| Alliant Power Pro 2000-MR | <<locked>> | 80% | 46,209 psi | 77% | 2664 fps | 99.8% |
| Alliant Power Pro Varmint | <<locked>> | 94% | 45,310 psi | 75% | 2602 fps | 95.8% |
| Alliant Reloder- TS 15.5 | <<locked>> | 80% | 42,670 psi | 71% | 2493 fps | 99.9% |
| Alliant Reloder-15 | <<locked>> | 80% | 45,658 psi | 76% | 2556 fps | 99.7% |
| Alliant Reloder-16 | <<locked>> | 80% | 33,040 psi | 55% | 2365 fps | 97% |
| Alliant Reloder-17 | 38.4 gr | 80% | 37,130 psi | 62% | 2487 fps | 99.4% |
| Alliant Reloder-19 | <<locked>> | 94% | 44,730 psi | 74% | 2592 fps | 95.7% |
| Alliant Reloder-22 | <<locked>> | 98% | 44,599 psi | 74% | 2638 fps | 95.8% |
| Alliant Reloder-23 | <<locked>> | 82% | 25,686 psi | 43% | 2185 fps | 95% |
| Alliant Reloder-25 | <<locked>> | 96% | 34,664 psi | 58% | 2444 fps | 95.9% |
| Alliant Reloder-26 | <<locked>> | 86% | 31,082 psi | 52% | 2398 fps | 95.2% |
| Baschieri & Pellagri 107 | <<locked>> | 80% | 49,647 psi | 82% | 2621 fps | 99.8% |
| Bofors RP3 | <<locked>> | 80% | 42,685 psi | 71% | 2500 fps | 100% |
| Bofors RP5 | <<locked>> | 98% | 44,599 psi | 74% | 2638 fps | 95.8% |
| Bofors RP7 | <<locked>> | 82% | 40,422 psi | 67% | 2428 fps | 95.5% |
| Hodgdon H380 | <<locked>> | 80% | 43,250 psi | 72% | 2510 fps | 98.8% |
| Hodgdon H414 | <<locked>> | 82% | 37,884 psi | 63% | 2454 fps | 95.5% |
| Hodgdon H4350 | <<locked>> | 84% | 43,685 psi | 73% | 2526 fps | 95.7% |
| Hodgdon H4895 | <<locked>> | 80% | 50,618 psi | 84% | 2615 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon Hybrid 100V | <<locked>> | 80% | 30,603 psi | 51% | 2270 fps | 97.7% |
| Hodgdon LEVERevolution | <<locked>> | 80% | 46,818 psi | 78% | 2598 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon Superformance | <<locked>> | 84% | 39,624 psi | 66% | 2520 fps | 95.5% |
| Hodgdon TrailBoss | <<locked>> | 80% | 26,861 psi | 45% | 1460 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon VARGET | <<locked>> | 80% | 48,153 psi | 80% | 2566 fps | 100% |
| IMR 3031 | <<locked>> | 80% | 50,676 psi | 84% | 2595 fps | 100% |
| IMR 4064 | <<locked>> | 80% | 44,643 psi | 74% | 2500 fps | 99.7% |
| IMR 4166 Enduron | <<locked>> | 80% | 46,876 psi | 78% | 2523 fps | 97.7% |
| IMR 4350 | <<locked>> | 86% | 40,756 psi | 68% | 2457 fps | 95.7% |
| IMR 4451 Enduron | <<locked>> | 80% | 39,247 psi | 65% | 2405 fps | 95.7% |
| IMR 4831 | <<locked>> | 80% | 32,126 psi | 53% | 2313 fps | 96.5% |
| IMR 4895 | <<locked>> | 80% | 46,833 psi | 78% | 2582 fps | 100% |
| Lovex D073.6 | <<locked>> | 80% | 49,864 psi | 83% | 2585 fps | 100% |
| Lovex S060 | <<locked>> | 80% | 49,472 psi | 82% | 2539 fps | 100% |
| Lovex S062 | <<locked>> | 80% | 44,860 psi | 75% | 2500 fps | 100% |
| Lovex S065 | <<locked>> | 80% | 36,941 psi | 61% | 2362 fps | 96.6% |
| Lovex S070 | <<locked>> | 82% | 37,420 psi | 62% | 2392 fps | 95.5% |
| Lovex S071 | <<locked>> | 96% | 34,809 psi | 58% | 2379 fps | 95.6% |
| Norma 201 | <<locked>> | 80% | 49,023 psi | 81% | 2556 fps | 100% |
| Norma 202 | <<locked>> | 80% | 49,516 psi | 82% | 2556 fps | 100% |
| Norma 203B | <<locked>> | 80% | 45,034 psi | 75% | 2543 fps | 99.9% |
| Norma 204 | <<locked>> | 90% | 46,093 psi | 77% | 2595 fps | 95.8% |
| Norma MRP | <<locked>> | 92% | 38,363 psi | 64% | 2539 fps | 95.3% |
| Norma URP | <<locked>> | 80% | 33,446 psi | 56% | 2356 fps | 96.8% |
| Ramshot Big Game | <<locked>> | 80% | 44,962 psi | 75% | 2562 fps | 99.8% |
| Ramshot Hunter | <<locked>> | 82% | 34,621 psi | 58% | 2392 fps | 95.2% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 14 | <<locked>> | 80% | 27,485 psi | 46% | 1499 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 50 | <<locked>> | 80% | 43,221 psi | 72% | 2487 fps | 97.5% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 52 | <<locked>> | 80% | 48,863 psi | 81% | 2661 fps | 99.9% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 60 | 38.4 gr | 80% | 39,479 psi | 66% | 2543 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 62 | <<locked>> | 80% | 32,851 psi | 55% | 2369 fps | 96.3% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 70 | 39 gr | 80% | 32,619 psi | 54% | 2372 fps | 95.4% |
| Rottweil R 902 | <<locked>> | 80% | 46,746 psi | 78% | 2513 fps | 100% |
| Rottweil R 903 | <<locked>> | 80% | 40,161 psi | 67% | 2451 fps | 99.7% |
| Rottweil R 904 | <<locked>> | 96% | 50,154 psi | 83% | 2631 fps | 95.6% |
| Rottweil R 905 | <<locked>> | 94% | 43,337 psi | 72% | 2572 fps | 95.5% |
| Rottweil R 907 | <<locked>> | 82% | 40,422 psi | 67% | 2428 fps | 95.5% |
| Shooters World Long Rifle | <<locked>> | 80% | 36,941 psi | 61% | 2362 fps | 96.6% |
| Shooters World Match Rifle | <<locked>> | 80% | 49,864 psi | 83% | 2585 fps | 100% |
| Shooters World Precision | <<locked>> | 80% | 44,860 psi | 75% | 2500 fps | 100% |
| Shooters World SW4350 | <<locked>> | 82% | 37,420 psi | 62% | 2392 fps | 95.5% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 11 | <<locked>> | 80% | 41,147 psi | 68% | 2500 fps | 99.5% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 7 | <<locked>> | 80% | 50,517 psi | 84% | 2605 fps | 99.6% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 9 | <<locked>> | 80% | 48,530 psi | 81% | 2582 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 3000 | <<locked>> | 80% | 50,009 psi | 83% | 2497 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 5000 | <<locked>> | 80% | 42,047 psi | 70% | 2375 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 7000 | <<locked>> | 82% | 38,551 psi | 64% | 2359 fps | 95.7% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 8000 | <<locked>> | 94% | 42,917 psi | 71% | 2566 fps | 95.3% |
| Somchem S335 | <<locked>> | 80% | 49,748 psi | 83% | 2497 fps | 100% |
| Somchem S341 | <<locked>> | 80% | 50,502 psi | 84% | 2598 fps | 100% |
| Somchem S355 | <<locked>> | 80% | 40,741 psi | 68% | 2451 fps | 99.7% |
| Somchem S365 | <<locked>> | 80% | 30,037 psi | 50% | 2313 fps | 98.8% |
| Somchem S385 | <<locked>> | 90% | 38,827 psi | 65% | 2454 fps | 95% |
| Vihtavuori N133 | <<locked>> | 80% | 50,488 psi | 84% | 2484 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N135 | <<locked>> | 80% | 46,630 psi | 77% | 2484 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N140 | <<locked>> | 80% | 46,963 psi | 78% | 2497 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N150 | <<locked>> | 80% | 38,827 psi | 65% | 2388 fps | 99.9% |
| Vihtavuori N160 | <<locked>> | 80% | 34,824 psi | 58% | 2356 fps | 97.2% |
| Vihtavuori N165 | <<locked>> | 96% | 40,712 psi | 68% | 2480 fps | 95.1% |
| Vihtavuori N540 | <<locked>> | 80% | 45,266 psi | 75% | 2490 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N550 | <<locked>> | 80% | 34,316 psi | 57% | 2356 fps | 96.8% |
| Vihtavuori N555 | <<locked>> | 82% | 27,586 psi | 46% | 2254 fps | 95.2% |
| Winchester 6.5 StaBALL | <<locked>> | 80% | 34,258 psi | 57% | 2333 fps | 98.9% |
| Winchester 760 | <<locked>> | 82% | 37,884 psi | 63% | 2454 fps | 95.5% |
| Winchester StaBALL HD | <<locked>> | 86% | 25,599 psi | 43% | 2257 fps | 95.5% |
| Winchester StaBALL Match | <<locked>> | 80% | 48,356 psi | 80% | 2589 fps | 100% |
| Winchester Supreme 780 | <<locked>> | 96% | 43,932 psi | 73% | 2543 fps | 95.3% |
Recommended = one of the top powders for this cartridge and bullet combination.
ᴾ possible press load - work up slowly to this load while watching for signs of excessive pressure.
This overview compares 94 powders for .260 Rem. loaded with the .264 | 140gr | Speer Grand Slam. Alliant Reloder-26 delivers the highest muzzle velocity at 2,812 fps; across all powders the maximum-charge window runs from 1,637 fps to 2,812 fps. Accurate 3100 gives the best case fill at 100 %, and 94 of the 94 powders fall inside the usable 80–100 % fill window.
Relative to the caliber's maximum pressure (415 MPa), the top charges use 60–90 %, leaving at least 10 % headroom. The 140.0 gr projectile in 0.264" calls for a 1:12.0 twist; slower twists will usually not stabilise this weight. Accurate 3100, Alliant Reloder-19, Alliant Reloder-22 reach 100 % fill or more at maximum charge, so these are compressed loads: they need a long drop tube to seat cleanly and react sensitively to the case capacity of your own brass lot. ReloadSwiss RS 70, Alliant Reloder-17, ReloadSwiss RS 60 rank at the top here: for .260 Rem. with the .264 | 140gr | Speer Grand Slam they combine a high case fill with complete burn and sit in the upper velocity band. Always begin at the start load and work up in small increments while checking case and primer for pressure signs.