Load Specifications
Load data in caliber .240 Weath. Mag. with .245 | 92gr | Peregrine VLR-4 bullet and 94 powders. The key underlying parameters are shown in the table above. The recommended powders for this cartridge and bullet combination are ReloadSwiss RS 70, Alliant Reloder-16 and Alliant Reloder-26.
Important Notice: DO NOT go below Minimum Charge or above Maximum Charge. Since we have no control over the equipment and components used, any responsibility and liability for the results achieved is rejected.
Only powders/loads that match the current filter criteria are displayed: max pressure of a load ≤ 90% of max. standardized pressure, fill rate ≥ 80% and propellant combustion ≥ 95%. Use the sliders above the tables to adjust these thresholds.
Charge: Powder weight in grains. Start with the minimum load and work up carefully.
FR (Fill Rate): Case fill as a percentage. Values above 100% mean compressed loads.
MaxP / %: Maximum chamber pressure in bar and as a percentage of the standardized maximum for this caliber.
V(0): Muzzle velocity in feet per second (fps) at the standardized barrel length.
z (Powder Burn): Estimated propellant combustion percentage at bullet exit.
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You can find more information in our FAQ: How can I use the Personalized Load Calculator?
Max Load - Barrel Length: 24"
| Powder | Charge | FR | MaxP | % | V(0) | z |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Accurate 2495 | <<locked>> | 84% | 56,594 psi | 89% | 3077 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2700 | <<locked>> | 84% | 55,129 psi | 86% | 3100 fps | 98% |
| Accurate 3100ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 52,692 psi | 83% | 3127 fps | 99% |
| Accurate 4064 | <<locked>> | 86% | 56,985 psi | 89% | 3136 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 4350 | <<locked>> | 92% | 54,592 psi | 86% | 3189 fps | 99.9% |
| Accurate High Country | <<locked>> | 98% | 54,201 psi | 85% | 3278 fps | 96.3% |
| ADI AR 2206H | <<locked>> | 82% | 56,318 psi | 88% | 3169 fps | 100% |
| ADI AR 2208 | <<locked>> | 86% | 54,331 psi | 85% | 3123 fps | 100% |
| ADI AR 2209 | <<locked>> | 98% | 56,318 psi | 88% | 3238 fps | 97.6% |
| Alliant Power Pro 2000-MR | <<locked>> | 84% | 57,435 psi | 90% | 3314 fps | 100% |
| Alliant Power Pro Varmint | <<locked>> | 98% | 56,043 psi | 88% | 3228 fps | 97.6% |
| Alliant Reloder- TS 15.5 | <<locked>> | 86% | 54,998 psi | 86% | 3146 fps | 100% |
| Alliant Reloder-15 | <<locked>> | 84% | 55,245 psi | 87% | 3173 fps | 100% |
| Alliant Reloder-16 | <<locked>> | 94% | 55,709 psi | 87% | 3258 fps | 100% |
| Alliant Reloder-17 | <<locked>> | 90% | 57,363 psi | 90% | 3287 fps | 100% |
| Alliant Reloder-19 | <<locked>> | 98% | 55,245 psi | 87% | 3219 fps | 97.5% |
| Alliant Reloder-22ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 52,446 psi | 82% | 3212 fps | 97.1% |
| Alliant Reloder-23ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 49,661 psi | 78% | 3150 fps | 100% |
| Alliant Reloder-25ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 43,091 psi | 68% | 3051 fps | 98% |
| Alliant Reloder-26ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 57,696 psi | 90% | 3366 fps | 100% |
| Baschieri & Pellagri 107 | <<locked>> | 82% | 56,797 psi | 89% | 3192 fps | 100% |
| Bofors RP3 | <<locked>> | 86% | 55,695 psi | 87% | 3163 fps | 100% |
| Bofors RP5ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 52,446 psi | 82% | 3212 fps | 97.1% |
| Bofors RP7 | <<locked>> | 90% | 55,172 psi | 86% | 3140 fps | 98.2% |
| Hodgdon H380 | <<locked>> | 86% | 56,333 psi | 88% | 3179 fps | 99.8% |
| Hodgdon H414 | <<locked>> | 92% | 57,377 psi | 90% | 3255 fps | 99% |
| Hodgdon H4350 | <<locked>> | 90% | 57,000 psi | 89% | 3209 fps | 98% |
| Hodgdon H4895 | <<locked>> | 82% | 56,942 psi | 89% | 3182 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon Hybrid 100V | <<locked>> | 96% | 56,072 psi | 88% | 3176 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon LEVERevolution | <<locked>> | 84% | 57,624 psi | 90% | 3222 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon Superformance | <<locked>> | 90% | 53,911 psi | 84% | 3222 fps | 98.3% |
| Hodgdon TrailBossᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 36,158 psi | 57% | 2005 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon VARGET | <<locked>> | 82% | 54,679 psi | 86% | 3127 fps | 100% |
| IMR 4064 | <<locked>> | 86% | 57,217 psi | 90% | 3159 fps | 100% |
| IMR 4166 Enduron | <<locked>> | 84% | 56,420 psi | 88% | 3140 fps | 98.8% |
| IMR 4350 | <<locked>> | 94% | 56,391 psi | 88% | 3176 fps | 98.5% |
| IMR 4451 Enduron | <<locked>> | 90% | 57,014 psi | 89% | 3173 fps | 98.8% |
| IMR 4831 | <<locked>> | 94% | 55,085 psi | 86% | 3179 fps | 99.9% |
| IMR 4895 | <<locked>> | 84% | 56,695 psi | 89% | 3202 fps | 100% |
| Lovex D073.6 | <<locked>> | 82% | 56,753 psi | 89% | 3143 fps | 100% |
| Lovex S060 | <<locked>> | 82% | 55,332 psi | 87% | 3094 fps | 100% |
| Lovex S062 | <<locked>> | 86% | 57,261 psi | 90% | 3153 fps | 100% |
| Lovex S065 | <<locked>> | 92% | 57,000 psi | 89% | 3169 fps | 99.6% |
| Lovex S070 | <<locked>> | 92% | 54,752 psi | 86% | 3150 fps | 98.8% |
| Lovex S071ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 43,482 psi | 68% | 2956 fps | 97.3% |
| Norma 201 | <<locked>> | 82% | 54,926 psi | 86% | 3110 fps | 100% |
| Norma 202 | <<locked>> | 82% | 55,666 psi | 87% | 3107 fps | 100% |
| Norma 203B | <<locked>> | 84% | 54,520 psi | 85% | 3156 fps | 100% |
| Norma 204 | <<locked>> | 94% | 57,638 psi | 90% | 3235 fps | 97.6% |
| Norma MRPᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 55,941 psi | 88% | 3307 fps | 98.9% |
| Norma URP | <<locked>> | 94% | 57,116 psi | 90% | 3235 fps | 100% |
| Ramshot Big Game | <<locked>> | 84% | 55,390 psi | 87% | 3179 fps | 100% |
| Ramshot Hunter | <<locked>> | 94% | 56,362 psi | 88% | 3235 fps | 99.4% |
| Ramshot Magnumᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 45,963 psi | 72% | 3061 fps | 96.1% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 14ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 36,651 psi | 57% | 2047 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 50 | <<locked>> | 86% | 56,260 psi | 88% | 3159 fps | 99.2% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 52 | <<locked>> | 82% | 56,144 psi | 88% | 3241 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 60 | <<locked>> | 88% | 56,710 psi | 89% | 3281 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 62 | <<locked>> | 92% | 54,752 psi | 86% | 3215 fps | 99.8% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 70 | <<locked>> | 94% | 57,305 psi | 90% | 3307 fps | 99.9% |
| Rottweil R 902 | <<locked>> | 84% | 55,608 psi | 87% | 3110 fps | 100% |
| Rottweil R 903 | <<locked>> | 88% | 55,912 psi | 88% | 3159 fps | 100% |
| Rottweil R 904 | <<locked>> | 96% | 54,230 psi | 85% | 3146 fps | 96% |
| Rottweil R 905 | <<locked>> | 98% | 54,708 psi | 86% | 3209 fps | 97.5% |
| Rottweil R 907 | <<locked>> | 90% | 55,172 psi | 86% | 3140 fps | 98.2% |
| Shooters World Long Rifle | <<locked>> | 92% | 57,000 psi | 89% | 3169 fps | 99.6% |
| Shooters World Match Rifle | <<locked>> | 82% | 56,753 psi | 89% | 3143 fps | 100% |
| Shooters World Precision | <<locked>> | 86% | 57,261 psi | 90% | 3153 fps | 100% |
| Shooters World SW4350 | <<locked>> | 92% | 54,752 psi | 86% | 3150 fps | 98.8% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 11 | <<locked>> | 88% | 57,609 psi | 90% | 3222 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 9 | <<locked>> | 82% | 54,911 psi | 86% | 3136 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 3000 | <<locked>> | 82% | 55,840 psi | 88% | 3041 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 5000 | <<locked>> | 88% | 57,130 psi | 90% | 3045 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 7000 | <<locked>> | 92% | 56,782 psi | 89% | 3117 fps | 98.9% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 8000 | <<locked>> | 98% | 54,215 psi | 85% | 3202 fps | 97.4% |
| Somchem S335 | <<locked>> | 82% | 55,535 psi | 87% | 3035 fps | 100% |
| Somchem S355 | <<locked>> | 88% | 55,898 psi | 88% | 3153 fps | 100% |
| Somchem S365 | <<locked>> | 96% | 56,463 psi | 88% | 3238 fps | 100% |
| Somchem S385 | <<locked>> | 98% | 55,201 psi | 87% | 3179 fps | 98.3% |
| Vihtavuori N133 | <<locked>> | 82% | 56,376 psi | 88% | 3022 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N135 | <<locked>> | 84% | 55,970 psi | 88% | 3068 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N140 | <<locked>> | 84% | 56,478 psi | 89% | 3087 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N150 | <<locked>> | 90% | 57,348 psi | 90% | 3130 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N160 | <<locked>> | 92% | 55,695 psi | 87% | 3173 fps | 99.9% |
| Vihtavuori N165ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 51,053 psi | 80% | 3087 fps | 97.2% |
| Vihtavuori N540 | <<locked>> | 84% | 54,636 psi | 86% | 3077 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N550 | <<locked>> | 92% | 55,013 psi | 86% | 3176 fps | 99.8% |
| Vihtavuori N555ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 55,492 psi | 87% | 3238 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N560ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 56,304 psi | 88% | 3294 fps | 96% |
| Winchester 6.5 StaBALL | <<locked>> | 92% | 55,883 psi | 88% | 3140 fps | 100% |
| Winchester 760 | <<locked>> | 92% | 57,377 psi | 90% | 3255 fps | 99% |
| Winchester StaBALL HDᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 44,788 psi | 70% | 3199 fps | 100% |
| Winchester StaBALL Match | <<locked>> | 82% | 55,332 psi | 87% | 3150 fps | 100% |
| Winchester Supreme 780ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 55,782 psi | 87% | 3176 fps | 97.4% |
Recommended = one of the top powders for this cartridge and bullet combination.
Start Load - Barrel Length: 24"
| Powder | Charge | FR | MaxP | % | V(0) | z |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Accurate 2495 | <<locked>> | 80% | 49,588 psi | 78% | 2972 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 2700 | <<locked>> | 80% | 48,051 psi | 75% | 2969 fps | 96.6% |
| Accurate 3100 | <<locked>> | 90% | 36,898 psi | 58% | 2808 fps | 95.2% |
| Accurate 4064 | <<locked>> | 80% | 46,978 psi | 74% | 2976 fps | 100% |
| Accurate 4350 | <<locked>> | 80% | 35,607 psi | 56% | 2802 fps | 96.6% |
| Accurate High Country | <<locked>> | 96% | 50,343 psi | 79% | 3205 fps | 95.3% |
| ADI AR 2206H | <<locked>> | 80% | 52,924 psi | 83% | 3114 fps | 100% |
| ADI AR 2208 | <<locked>> | 80% | 44,962 psi | 70% | 2949 fps | 99.3% |
| ADI AR 2209 | <<locked>> | 92% | 45,992 psi | 72% | 3041 fps | 95% |
| Alliant Power Pro 2000-MR | <<locked>> | 80% | 49,661 psi | 78% | 3176 fps | 99.8% |
| Alliant Power Pro Varmint | <<locked>> | 92% | 45,890 psi | 72% | 3038 fps | 95.1% |
| Alliant Reloder- TS 15.5 | <<locked>> | 80% | 45,150 psi | 71% | 2972 fps | 99.9% |
| Alliant Reloder-15 | <<locked>> | 80% | 48,414 psi | 76% | 3048 fps | 99.7% |
| Alliant Reloder-16 | 40.4 gr | 80% | 35,027 psi | 55% | 2818 fps | 96.7% |
| Alliant Reloder-17 | <<locked>> | 80% | 39,769 psi | 62% | 2956 fps | 99.3% |
| Alliant Reloder-19 | <<locked>> | 92% | 45,324 psi | 71% | 3028 fps | 95% |
| Alliant Reloder-22 | <<locked>> | 96% | 45,658 psi | 72% | 3077 fps | 95.3% |
| Alliant Reloder-23 | <<locked>> | 84% | 28,950 psi | 45% | 2651 fps | 95.6% |
| Alliant Reloder-25 | <<locked>> | 94% | 35,331 psi | 55% | 2848 fps | 95.1% |
| Alliant Reloder-26 | 48 gr | 86% | 33,837 psi | 53% | 2851 fps | 95.3% |
| Baschieri & Pellagri 107 | <<locked>> | 80% | 53,084 psi | 83% | 3130 fps | 99.8% |
| Bofors RP3 | <<locked>> | 80% | 45,513 psi | 71% | 2986 fps | 99.9% |
| Bofors RP5 | <<locked>> | 96% | 45,658 psi | 72% | 3077 fps | 95.3% |
| Bofors RP7 | <<locked>> | 82% | 42,859 psi | 67% | 2900 fps | 95.4% |
| Hodgdon H380 | <<locked>> | 80% | 45,905 psi | 72% | 2992 fps | 98.7% |
| Hodgdon H414 | <<locked>> | 82% | 40,770 psi | 64% | 2927 fps | 95.4% |
| Hodgdon H4350 | <<locked>> | 84% | 46,934 psi | 74% | 3022 fps | 95.8% |
| Hodgdon H4895 | <<locked>> | 80% | 53,519 psi | 84% | 3123 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon Hybrid 100V | <<locked>> | 80% | 32,619 psi | 51% | 2707 fps | 97.4% |
| Hodgdon LEVERevolution | <<locked>> | 80% | 50,415 psi | 79% | 3104 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon Superformance | <<locked>> | 84% | 42,873 psi | 67% | 3002 fps | 95.7% |
| Hodgdon TrailBoss | <<locked>> | 80% | 26,934 psi | 42% | 1791 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon VARGET | <<locked>> | 80% | 51,358 psi | 80% | 3071 fps | 100% |
| IMR 4064 | <<locked>> | 80% | 47,268 psi | 74% | 2989 fps | 99.6% |
| IMR 4166 Enduron | <<locked>> | 80% | 49,574 psi | 78% | 3015 fps | 97.7% |
| IMR 4350 | <<locked>> | 86% | 43,700 psi | 68% | 2936 fps | 95.7% |
| IMR 4451 Enduron | <<locked>> | 80% | 41,568 psi | 65% | 2874 fps | 95.5% |
| IMR 4831 | <<locked>> | 80% | 34,330 psi | 54% | 2753 fps | 96.2% |
| IMR 4895 | <<locked>> | 80% | 49,661 psi | 78% | 3081 fps | 99.9% |
| Lovex D073.6 | <<locked>> | 80% | 53,229 psi | 83% | 3087 fps | 100% |
| Lovex S060 | <<locked>> | 80% | 52,040 psi | 82% | 3038 fps | 100% |
| Lovex S062 | <<locked>> | 80% | 47,384 psi | 74% | 2986 fps | 100% |
| Lovex S065 | <<locked>> | 80% | 38,914 psi | 61% | 2812 fps | 96.3% |
| Lovex S070 | <<locked>> | 82% | 39,711 psi | 62% | 2848 fps | 95.3% |
| Lovex S071 | <<locked>> | 96% | 37,927 psi | 59% | 2831 fps | 95.6% |
| Norma 201 | <<locked>> | 80% | 51,547 psi | 81% | 3054 fps | 100% |
| Norma 202 | <<locked>> | 80% | 52,228 psi | 82% | 3054 fps | 100% |
| Norma 203B | <<locked>> | 80% | 47,747 psi | 75% | 3035 fps | 99.8% |
| Norma 204 | <<locked>> | 88% | 46,470 psi | 73% | 3028 fps | 95.1% |
| Norma MRP | <<locked>> | 92% | 41,974 psi | 66% | 3028 fps | 95.7% |
| Norma URP | <<locked>> | 80% | 35,824 psi | 56% | 2805 fps | 96.5% |
| Ramshot Big Game | <<locked>> | 80% | 48,167 psi | 75% | 3054 fps | 99.8% |
| Ramshot Hunter | <<locked>> | 82% | 37,115 psi | 58% | 2844 fps | 95.1% |
| Ramshot Magnum | <<locked>> | 98% | 42,612 psi | 67% | 2986 fps | 95% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 14 | <<locked>> | 80% | 27,441 psi | 43% | 1837 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 50 | <<locked>> | 80% | 46,122 psi | 72% | 2972 fps | 97.5% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 52 | <<locked>> | 80% | 52,562 psi | 82% | 3179 fps | 99.9% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 60 | <<locked>> | 80% | 42,351 psi | 66% | 3025 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 62 | <<locked>> | 80% | 35,563 psi | 56% | 2818 fps | 96.2% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 70 | 44.2 gr | 80% | 34,737 psi | 54% | 2822 fps | 95.2% |
| Rottweil R 902 | <<locked>> | 80% | 49,023 psi | 77% | 3002 fps | 100% |
| Rottweil R 903 | <<locked>> | 80% | 42,757 psi | 67% | 2923 fps | 99.7% |
| Rottweil R 904 | <<locked>> | 94% | 50,836 psi | 80% | 3084 fps | 95.2% |
| Rottweil R 905 | <<locked>> | 94% | 47,529 psi | 74% | 3074 fps | 95.9% |
| Rottweil R 907 | <<locked>> | 82% | 42,859 psi | 67% | 2900 fps | 95.4% |
| Shooters World Long Rifle | <<locked>> | 80% | 38,914 psi | 61% | 2812 fps | 96.3% |
| Shooters World Match Rifle | <<locked>> | 80% | 53,229 psi | 83% | 3087 fps | 100% |
| Shooters World Precision | <<locked>> | 80% | 47,384 psi | 74% | 2986 fps | 100% |
| Shooters World SW4350 | <<locked>> | 82% | 39,711 psi | 62% | 2848 fps | 95.3% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 11 | <<locked>> | 80% | 44,150 psi | 69% | 2979 fps | 99.5% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 9 | <<locked>> | 80% | 51,634 psi | 81% | 3084 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 3000 | <<locked>> | 80% | 52,330 psi | 82% | 2986 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 5000 | <<locked>> | 80% | 44,150 psi | 69% | 2838 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 7000 | <<locked>> | 82% | 40,669 psi | 64% | 2808 fps | 95.5% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 8000 | <<locked>> | 94% | 47,094 psi | 74% | 3068 fps | 95.7% |
| Somchem S335 | <<locked>> | 80% | 52,228 psi | 82% | 2986 fps | 100% |
| Somchem S355 | <<locked>> | 80% | 43,076 psi | 68% | 2923 fps | 99.6% |
| Somchem S365 | <<locked>> | 80% | 32,155 psi | 50% | 2749 fps | 98.5% |
| Somchem S385 | <<locked>> | 90% | 42,076 psi | 66% | 2923 fps | 95.1% |
| Vihtavuori N133 | <<locked>> | 80% | 52,924 psi | 83% | 2972 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N135 | <<locked>> | 80% | 49,124 psi | 77% | 2966 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N140 | <<locked>> | 80% | 49,806 psi | 78% | 2986 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N150 | <<locked>> | 80% | 41,278 psi | 65% | 2851 fps | 99.9% |
| Vihtavuori N160 | <<locked>> | 80% | 37,101 psi | 58% | 2805 fps | 96.9% |
| Vihtavuori N165 | <<locked>> | 96% | 44,425 psi | 70% | 2963 fps | 95.5% |
| Vihtavuori N540 | <<locked>> | 80% | 47,979 psi | 75% | 2969 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N550 | <<locked>> | 80% | 36,579 psi | 57% | 2802 fps | 96.6% |
| Vihtavuori N555 | <<locked>> | 84% | 31,908 psi | 50% | 2736 fps | 95.8% |
| Vihtavuori N560 | <<locked>> | 98% | 52,736 psi | 83% | 3228 fps | 95.1% |
| Winchester 6.5 StaBALL | <<locked>> | 80% | 36,579 psi | 57% | 2776 fps | 98.9% |
| Winchester 760 | <<locked>> | 82% | 40,770 psi | 64% | 2927 fps | 95.4% |
| Winchester StaBALL HD | <<locked>> | 86% | 27,427 psi | 43% | 2677 fps | 95.3% |
| Winchester StaBALL Match | <<locked>> | 80% | 51,663 psi | 81% | 3087 fps | 100% |
| Winchester Supreme 780 | <<locked>> | 96% | 48,008 psi | 75% | 3038 fps | 95.7% |
Recommended = one of the top powders for this cartridge and bullet combination.
ᴾ possible press load - work up slowly to this load while watching for signs of excessive pressure.
This overview compares 94 powders for .240 Weath. Mag. loaded with the .245 | 92gr | Peregrine VLR-4. Alliant Reloder-26 delivers the highest muzzle velocity at 3,366 fps; across all powders the maximum-charge window runs from 2,005 fps to 3,366 fps. Accurate 3100 gives the best case fill at 100 %, and 94 of the 94 powders fall inside the usable 80–100 % fill window.
Relative to the caliber's maximum pressure (440 MPa), the top charges use 57–90 %, leaving at least 10 % headroom. The 92.0 gr projectile in 0.245" calls for a 1:8.0 twist; slower twists will usually not stabilise this weight. Accurate 3100, Alliant Reloder-22, Alliant Reloder-23 reach 100 % fill or more at maximum charge, so these are compressed loads: they need a long drop tube to seat cleanly and react sensitively to the case capacity of your own brass lot. ReloadSwiss RS 70, Alliant Reloder-16, Alliant Reloder-26 rank at the top here: for .240 Weath. Mag. with the .245 | 92gr | Peregrine VLR-4 they combine a high case fill with complete burn and sit in the upper velocity band. Always begin at the start load and work up in small increments while checking case and primer for pressure signs.