Load Specifications
Load data in caliber .224 Weath. Mag. with .224 | 44gr | Peregrine Plainsmaster (VLR-4) bullet and 93 powders. The key underlying parameters are shown in the table above. The recommended powders for this cartridge and bullet combination are ADI AR 2219, SNPE Vectan SP 10 and Hodgdon H335.
Important Notice: DO NOT go below Minimum Charge or above Maximum Charge. Since we have no control over the equipment and components used, any responsibility and liability for the results achieved is rejected.
Only powders/loads that match the current filter criteria are displayed: max pressure of a load ≤ 90% of max. standardized pressure, fill rate ≥ 80% and propellant combustion ≥ 95%. Use the sliders above the tables to adjust these thresholds.
Charge: Powder weight in grains. Start with the minimum load and work up carefully.
FR (Fill Rate): Case fill as a percentage. Values above 100% mean compressed loads.
MaxP / %: Maximum chamber pressure in bar and as a percentage of the standardized maximum for this caliber.
V(0): Muzzle velocity in feet per second (fps) at the standardized barrel length.
z (Powder Burn): Estimated propellant combustion percentage at bullet exit.
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You can find more information in our FAQ: How can I use the Personalized Load Calculator?
Max Load - Barrel Length: 24"
| Powder | Charge | FR | MaxP | % | V(0) | z |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Accurate 1680 | <<locked>> | 88% | 54,984 psi | 86% | 3635 fps | 99.9% |
| Accurate 1680 | <<locked>> | 88% | 55,187 psi | 86% | 3642 fps | 99.9% |
| Accurate 2015ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 51,155 psi | 80% | 3652 fps | 99.3% |
| Accurate 2015ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 51,938 psi | 81% | 3668 fps | 99.4% |
| Accurate 2460 | <<locked>> | 98% | 54,157 psi | 85% | 3711 fps | 97.5% |
| Accurate 2460 | <<locked>> | 98% | 54,955 psi | 86% | 3730 fps | 97.7% |
| Accurate 2495ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 38,972 psi | 61% | 3451 fps | 97.4% |
| Accurate 2495ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 39,291 psi | 62% | 3458 fps | 97.6% |
| Accurate 2520ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 50,995 psi | 80% | 3691 fps | 96.5% |
| Accurate 2520ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 51,735 psi | 81% | 3707 fps | 96.7% |
| Accurate LT-30 | <<locked>> | 94% | 55,288 psi | 87% | 3642 fps | 98.8% |
| Accurate LT-30 | <<locked>> | 94% | 55,506 psi | 87% | 3648 fps | 98.9% |
| Accurate LT-32 | <<locked>> | 94% | 55,825 psi | 87% | 3652 fps | 97.3% |
| Accurate LT-32 | <<locked>> | 94% | 56,014 psi | 88% | 3661 fps | 97.4% |
| ADI APS 450 | <<locked>> | 82% | 56,623 psi | 89% | 2923 fps | 100% |
| ADI APS 450 | <<locked>> | 82% | 56,666 psi | 89% | 2917 fps | 100% |
| ADI AR 2205 | <<locked>> | 82% | 55,651 psi | 87% | 3540 fps | 100% |
| ADI AR 2205 | <<locked>> | 82% | 55,999 psi | 88% | 3550 fps | 100% |
| ADI AR 2207 | <<locked>> | 94% | 57,653 psi | 90% | 3766 fps | 100% |
| ADI AR 2207 | <<locked>> | 92% | 54,926 psi | 86% | 3724 fps | 100% |
| ADI AR 2219 | <<locked>> | 96% | 57,522 psi | 90% | 3822 fps | 99% |
| ADI AR 2219 | <<locked>> | 94% | 54,099 psi | 85% | 3766 fps | 98.6% |
| Alliant AR-Compᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 47,253 psi | 74% | 3684 fps | 100% |
| Alliant AR-Compᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 48,066 psi | 75% | 3701 fps | 100% |
| Alliant Reloder-10x | <<locked>> | 98% | 55,419 psi | 87% | 3770 fps | 100% |
| Alliant Reloder-10x | <<locked>> | 98% | 55,158 psi | 86% | 3763 fps | 99.9% |
| Alliant Reloder-7 | <<locked>> | 92% | 56,362 psi | 88% | 3717 fps | 100% |
| Alliant Reloder-7 | <<locked>> | 92% | 56,652 psi | 89% | 3727 fps | 100% |
| Baschieri & Pellagri 106 | <<locked>> | 94% | 54,070 psi | 85% | 3606 fps | 98.9% |
| Baschieri & Pellagri 106 | <<locked>> | 94% | 54,694 psi | 86% | 3622 fps | 99.1% |
| Hodgdon Benchmarkᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 54,360 psi | 85% | 3668 fps | 95.8% |
| Hodgdon Benchmarkᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 55,056 psi | 86% | 3684 fps | 96.1% |
| Hodgdon H322 | <<locked>> | 98% | 55,912 psi | 88% | 3799 fps | 98.8% |
| Hodgdon H322 | <<locked>> | 98% | 55,056 psi | 86% | 3780 fps | 98.7% |
| Hodgdon H335 | <<locked>> | 98% | 57,479 psi | 90% | 3806 fps | 98.3% |
| Hodgdon H335 | <<locked>> | 98% | 57,595 psi | 90% | 3812 fps | 98.4% |
| Hodgdon H4198 | <<locked>> | 92% | 57,508 psi | 90% | 3714 fps | 98.6% |
| Hodgdon H4198 | <<locked>> | 92% | 57,696 psi | 90% | 3720 fps | 98.7% |
| Hodgdon TrailBossᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 31,169 psi | 49% | 2336 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon TrailBossᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 31,299 psi | 49% | 2343 fps | 100% |
| IMR 3031ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 44,947 psi | 70% | 3642 fps | 97.7% |
| IMR 3031ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 45,701 psi | 72% | 3661 fps | 97.9% |
| IMR 4198 | <<locked>> | 98% | 57,072 psi | 89% | 3757 fps | 100% |
| IMR 4198 | <<locked>> | 98% | 56,188 psi | 88% | 3743 fps | 100% |
| IMR 4227 | <<locked>> | 88% | 57,116 psi | 90% | 3694 fps | 100% |
| IMR 4227 | <<locked>> | 88% | 56,753 psi | 89% | 3684 fps | 100% |
| Lovex D060 | <<locked>> | 82% | 56,492 psi | 89% | 3750 fps | 100% |
| Lovex D060 | <<locked>> | 82% | 56,115 psi | 88% | 3740 fps | 100% |
| Lovex D073.4 | <<locked>> | 92% | 54,839 psi | 86% | 3743 fps | 96.9% |
| Lovex D073.4 | <<locked>> | 92% | 55,724 psi | 87% | 3763 fps | 97.1% |
| Lovex D073.5 | <<locked>> | 98% | 54,578 psi | 86% | 3711 fps | 96.3% |
| Lovex D073.5 | <<locked>> | 98% | 55,332 psi | 87% | 3727 fps | 96.5% |
| Lovex S053 | <<locked>> | 88% | 54,853 psi | 86% | 3615 fps | 100% |
| Lovex S053 | <<locked>> | 88% | 55,230 psi | 87% | 3625 fps | 100% |
| Norma 200 | <<locked>> | 94% | 54,998 psi | 86% | 3737 fps | 100% |
| Norma 200 | <<locked>> | 94% | 55,840 psi | 88% | 3757 fps | 100% |
| Norma 202ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 46,282 psi | 73% | 3589 fps | 96.1% |
| Norma 202ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 46,470 psi | 73% | 3596 fps | 96.3% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 14ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 30,864 psi | 48% | 2385 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 14ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 30,995 psi | 49% | 2392 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 36 | <<locked>> | 88% | 56,884 psi | 89% | 3717 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 36 | <<locked>> | 86% | 53,751 psi | 84% | 3668 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 40 | <<locked>> | 98% | 54,607 psi | 86% | 3734 fps | 96.8% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 40 | <<locked>> | 98% | 55,332 psi | 87% | 3750 fps | 97% |
| Rottweil R 901ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 49,835 psi | 78% | 3638 fps | 96.6% |
| Rottweil R 901ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 50,053 psi | 78% | 3645 fps | 96.7% |
| Shooters World AR Plus | <<locked>> | 92% | 54,839 psi | 86% | 3743 fps | 96.9% |
| Shooters World AR Plus | <<locked>> | 92% | 55,724 psi | 87% | 3763 fps | 97.1% |
| Shooters World Buffalo Rifle | <<locked>> | 82% | 56,115 psi | 88% | 3740 fps | 100% |
| Shooters World Buffalo Rifle | <<locked>> | 82% | 56,492 psi | 89% | 3750 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan BA6 1/2 | <<locked>> | 92% | 55,129 psi | 86% | 3432 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan BA6 1/2 | <<locked>> | 92% | 55,506 psi | 87% | 3438 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 10 | <<locked>> | 94% | 54,186 psi | 85% | 3747 fps | 97.7% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 10 | <<locked>> | 94% | 54,955 psi | 86% | 3763 fps | 97.8% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 3 | <<locked>> | 98% | 56,710 psi | 89% | 3780 fps | 99.4% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 3 | <<locked>> | 98% | 56,942 psi | 89% | 3789 fps | 99.4% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 3000ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 50,024 psi | 78% | 3560 fps | 96.8% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 3000ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 50,227 psi | 79% | 3566 fps | 96.9% |
| Somchem S321ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 56,681 psi | 89% | 3776 fps | 96.1% |
| Somchem S321ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 57,319 psi | 90% | 3793 fps | 96.3% |
| Somchem S335ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 48,109 psi | 75% | 3543 fps | 97.4% |
| Somchem S335ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 48,283 psi | 76% | 3550 fps | 97.5% |
| Vihtavuori N110 | <<locked>> | 84% | 57,116 psi | 90% | 3570 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N110 | <<locked>> | 84% | 56,652 psi | 89% | 3563 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N120 | <<locked>> | 94% | 57,638 psi | 90% | 3701 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N120 | <<locked>> | 92% | 54,940 psi | 86% | 3661 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N130ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 56,333 psi | 88% | 3698 fps | 99.9% |
| Vihtavuori N130ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 56,536 psi | 89% | 3704 fps | 99.9% |
| Vihtavuori N133ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 49,240 psi | 77% | 3573 fps | 99% |
| Vihtavuori N133ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 49,081 psi | 77% | 3570 fps | 98.9% |
| Vihtavuori N135ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 40,712 psi | 64% | 3484 fps | 97.7% |
| Vihtavuori N135ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 40,959 psi | 64% | 3494 fps | 97.8% |
| Vihtavuori N140ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 44,164 psi | 69% | 3507 fps | 96% |
Recommended = one of the top powders for this cartridge and bullet combination.
Start Load - Barrel Length: 24"
| Powder | Charge | FR | MaxP | % | V(0) | z |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Accurate 1680 | <<locked>> | 80% | 41,916 psi | 66% | 3373 fps | 98.5% |
| Accurate 1680 | <<locked>> | 80% | 42,134 psi | 66% | 3383 fps | 98.6% |
| Accurate 2015 | <<locked>> | 88% | 34,418 psi | 54% | 3264 fps | 95.4% |
| Accurate 2015 | <<locked>> | 88% | 34,708 psi | 54% | 3274 fps | 95.6% |
| Accurate 2460 | <<locked>> | 92% | 43,555 psi | 68% | 3497 fps | 95% |
| Accurate 2460 | <<locked>> | 92% | 44,251 psi | 69% | 3514 fps | 95.3% |
| Accurate 2495 | <<locked>> | 96% | 33,808 psi | 53% | 3310 fps | 95.7% |
| Accurate 2495 | <<locked>> | 94% | 31,792 psi | 50% | 3255 fps | 95% |
| Accurate 2520 | <<locked>> | 98% | 47,123 psi | 74% | 3609 fps | 95.5% |
| Accurate 2520 | <<locked>> | 98% | 47,863 psi | 75% | 3632 fps | 95.8% |
| Accurate LT-30 | <<locked>> | 84% | 40,059 psi | 63% | 3320 fps | 95.6% |
| Accurate LT-30 | <<locked>> | 82% | 37,869 psi | 59% | 3268 fps | 95% |
| Accurate LT-32 | <<locked>> | 88% | 46,296 psi | 73% | 3461 fps | 95.1% |
| Accurate LT-32 | <<locked>> | 88% | 46,557 psi | 73% | 3471 fps | 95.3% |
| ADI APS 450 | <<locked>> | 80% | 54,839 psi | 86% | 2894 fps | 100% |
| ADI APS 450 | <<locked>> | 80% | 54,868 psi | 86% | 2887 fps | 100% |
| ADI AR 2205 | <<locked>> | 80% | 52,286 psi | 82% | 3484 fps | 100% |
| ADI AR 2205 | <<locked>> | 80% | 52,620 psi | 82% | 3494 fps | 100% |
| ADI AR 2207 | <<locked>> | 80% | 36,738 psi | 58% | 3346 fps | 99.8% |
| ADI AR 2207 | <<locked>> | 80% | 37,086 psi | 58% | 3356 fps | 99.8% |
| ADI AR 2219 | 28.3 gr | 86% | 40,190 psi | 63% | 3458 fps | 95.4% |
| ADI AR 2219 | 28.3 gr | 86% | 40,901 psi | 64% | 3478 fps | 95.7% |
| Alliant AR-Comp | <<locked>> | 84% | 27,847 psi | 44% | 3136 fps | 95.1% |
| Alliant AR-Comp | <<locked>> | 84% | 28,079 psi | 44% | 3146 fps | 95.3% |
| Alliant Reloder-10x | <<locked>> | 80% | 30,748 psi | 48% | 3182 fps | 95.2% |
| Alliant Reloder-10x | <<locked>> | 80% | 30,443 psi | 48% | 3173 fps | 95% |
| Alliant Reloder-7 | <<locked>> | 80% | 38,101 psi | 60% | 3337 fps | 98.1% |
| Alliant Reloder-7 | <<locked>> | 80% | 38,406 psi | 60% | 3346 fps | 98.3% |
| Baschieri & Pellagri 106 | <<locked>> | 84% | 38,609 psi | 61% | 3284 fps | 95.7% |
| Baschieri & Pellagri 106 | <<locked>> | 82% | 36,535 psi | 57% | 3232 fps | 95% |
| Hodgdon Benchmark | <<locked>> | 98% | 51,140 psi | 80% | 3606 fps | 95.1% |
| Hodgdon Benchmark | <<locked>> | 98% | 51,314 psi | 80% | 3612 fps | 95.2% |
| Hodgdon H322 | <<locked>> | 88% | 39,581 psi | 62% | 3445 fps | 95.2% |
| Hodgdon H322 | <<locked>> | 88% | 39,305 psi | 62% | 3435 fps | 95% |
| Hodgdon H335 | 30.6 gr | 90% | 43,105 psi | 68% | 3514 fps | 95.1% |
| Hodgdon H335 | 30.6 gr | 90% | 43,308 psi | 68% | 3524 fps | 95.3% |
| Hodgdon H4198 | <<locked>> | 82% | 41,524 psi | 65% | 3379 fps | 95.3% |
| Hodgdon H4198 | <<locked>> | 82% | 41,829 psi | 66% | 3392 fps | 95.5% |
| Hodgdon TrailBoss | <<locked>> | 80% | 22,829 psi | 36% | 2100 fps | 100% |
| Hodgdon TrailBoss | <<locked>> | 80% | 22,989 psi | 36% | 2106 fps | 100% |
| IMR 3031 | <<locked>> | 94% | 36,927 psi | 58% | 3432 fps | 95.2% |
| IMR 3031 | <<locked>> | 94% | 37,130 psi | 58% | 3442 fps | 95.4% |
| IMR 4198 | <<locked>> | 80% | 32,793 psi | 51% | 3209 fps | 97% |
| IMR 4198 | <<locked>> | 80% | 32,474 psi | 51% | 3199 fps | 96.9% |
| IMR 4227 | <<locked>> | 80% | 44,585 psi | 70% | 3458 fps | 99.9% |
| IMR 4227 | <<locked>> | 80% | 44,222 psi | 69% | 3448 fps | 99.9% |
| Lovex D060 | <<locked>> | 80% | 53,098 psi | 83% | 3688 fps | 100% |
| Lovex D060 | <<locked>> | 80% | 52,736 psi | 83% | 3675 fps | 99.9% |
| Lovex D073.4 | <<locked>> | 88% | 47,471 psi | 74% | 3599 fps | 95.2% |
| Lovex D073.4 | <<locked>> | 88% | 47,718 psi | 75% | 3609 fps | 95.4% |
| Lovex D073.5 | <<locked>> | 96% | 50,575 psi | 79% | 3635 fps | 95.4% |
| Lovex D073.5 | <<locked>> | 96% | 51,285 psi | 80% | 3652 fps | 95.6% |
| Lovex S053 | <<locked>> | 80% | 42,960 psi | 67% | 3396 fps | 100% |
| Lovex S053 | <<locked>> | 80% | 43,352 psi | 68% | 3409 fps | 100% |
| Norma 200 | <<locked>> | 80% | 34,577 psi | 54% | 3284 fps | 97.4% |
| Norma 200 | <<locked>> | 80% | 34,882 psi | 55% | 3297 fps | 97.6% |
| Norma 202 | <<locked>> | 98% | 42,902 psi | 67% | 3510 fps | 95.2% |
| Norma 202 | <<locked>> | 98% | 43,569 psi | 68% | 3530 fps | 95.4% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 14 | <<locked>> | 80% | 22,713 psi | 36% | 2149 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 14 | <<locked>> | 80% | 22,510 psi | 35% | 2146 fps | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 36 | <<locked>> | 80% | 44,164 psi | 69% | 3481 fps | 99.9% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 36 | <<locked>> | 80% | 44,541 psi | 70% | 3488 fps | 99.9% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 40 | <<locked>> | 94% | 48,080 psi | 75% | 3602 fps | 95.3% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 40 | <<locked>> | 94% | 48,298 psi | 76% | 3609 fps | 95.4% |
| Rottweil R 901 | <<locked>> | 96% | 43,947 psi | 69% | 3507 fps | 95.1% |
| Rottweil R 901 | <<locked>> | 96% | 44,193 psi | 69% | 3517 fps | 95.3% |
| Shooters World AR Plus | <<locked>> | 88% | 47,471 psi | 74% | 3599 fps | 95.2% |
| Shooters World AR Plus | <<locked>> | 88% | 47,718 psi | 75% | 3609 fps | 95.4% |
| Shooters World Buffalo Rifle | <<locked>> | 80% | 52,736 psi | 83% | 3675 fps | 99.9% |
| Shooters World Buffalo Rifle | <<locked>> | 80% | 53,098 psi | 83% | 3688 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan BA6 1/2 | <<locked>> | 80% | 39,711 psi | 62% | 3166 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan BA6 1/2 | <<locked>> | 80% | 40,089 psi | 63% | 3176 fps | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 10 | 29.9 gr | 88% | 43,961 psi | 69% | 3533 fps | 95.3% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 10 | 29.9 gr | 88% | 44,193 psi | 69% | 3540 fps | 95.4% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 3 | <<locked>> | 86% | 38,247 psi | 60% | 3389 fps | 95.8% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 3 | <<locked>> | 84% | 36,085 psi | 57% | 3330 fps | 95% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 3000 | <<locked>> | 96% | 43,888 psi | 69% | 3432 fps | 95.2% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 3000 | <<locked>> | 96% | 44,063 psi | 69% | 3438 fps | 95.3% |
| Somchem S321 | <<locked>> | 98% | 52,591 psi | 82% | 3698 fps | 95.1% |
| Somchem S321 | <<locked>> | 98% | 53,229 psi | 83% | 3717 fps | 95.4% |
| Somchem S335 | <<locked>> | 94% | 39,465 psi | 62% | 3346 fps | 95.1% |
| Somchem S335 | <<locked>> | 94% | 40,074 psi | 63% | 3366 fps | 95.4% |
| Vihtavuori N110 | <<locked>> | 80% | 50,618 psi | 79% | 3468 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N110 | <<locked>> | 80% | 50,125 psi | 79% | 3458 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N120 | <<locked>> | 80% | 36,898 psi | 58% | 3307 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N120 | <<locked>> | 80% | 37,260 psi | 58% | 3317 fps | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N130 | <<locked>> | 82% | 31,633 psi | 50% | 3140 fps | 95.3% |
| Vihtavuori N130 | <<locked>> | 82% | 31,894 psi | 50% | 3150 fps | 95.5% |
| Vihtavuori N133 | <<locked>> | 90% | 35,752 psi | 56% | 3264 fps | 95.8% |
| Vihtavuori N133 | <<locked>> | 90% | 35,491 psi | 56% | 3255 fps | 95.6% |
| Vihtavuori N135 | <<locked>> | 94% | 33,272 psi | 52% | 3284 fps | 95.2% |
| Vihtavuori N135 | <<locked>> | 94% | 33,533 psi | 53% | 3294 fps | 95.4% |
| Vihtavuori N140 | <<locked>> | 98% | 41,408 psi | 65% | 3442 fps | 95.2% |
Recommended = one of the top powders for this cartridge and bullet combination.
ᴾ possible press load - work up slowly to this load while watching for signs of excessive pressure.
This overview compares 93 powders for .224 Weath. Mag. loaded with the .224 | 44gr | Peregrine Plainsmaster (VLR-4). ADI AR 2219 delivers the highest muzzle velocity at 3,822 fps; across all powders the maximum-charge window runs from 2,336 fps to 3,822 fps. Accurate 2015 gives the best case fill at 100 %, and 93 of the 93 powders fall inside the usable 80–100 % fill window.
Relative to the caliber's maximum pressure (440 MPa), the top charges use 48–90 %, leaving at least 10 % headroom. The 44.0 gr projectile in 0.224" calls for a 1:10.0 twist; slower twists will usually not stabilise this weight. Accurate 2015, Accurate 2015, Accurate 2495 reach 100 % fill or more at maximum charge, so these are compressed loads: they need a long drop tube to seat cleanly and react sensitively to the case capacity of your own brass lot. ADI AR 2219, SNPE Vectan SP 10, Hodgdon H335 rank at the top here: for .224 Weath. Mag. with the .224 | 44gr | Peregrine Plainsmaster (VLR-4) they combine a high case fill with complete burn and sit in the upper velocity band. Always begin at the start load and work up in small increments while checking case and primer for pressure signs.