Ladedaten-Spezifikationen
Ladedaten für Kaliber .308 Win. mit Geschoss .308 | 165gr | Swift Scirocco und 85 Pulvers. Die wichtigsten zugrunde liegenden Parameter sind in der obigen Tabelle dargestellt. Die empfohlenen Pulver für diese Patronen-Geschoss-Kombination sind Hodgdon CFE223, Alliant Power Pro 1200-R und Winchester 748.
Wichtiger Hinweis: Gehen Sie NICHT unter die Mindestladung oder über die Maximalladung. Da wir keine Kontrolle über die verwendete Ausrüstung und Komponenten haben, wird jegliche Verantwortung und Haftung für die erzielten Ergebnisse abgelehnt.
Es werden nur Pulver/Ladungen angezeigt, die den aktuellen Filterkriterien entsprechen: Maximaldruck einer Ladung ≤ 90% des standardisierten Maximaldrucks, Ladedichte ≥ 80% und Pulverabbrand ≥ 95%. Verwenden Sie die Schieberegler oberhalb der Tabellen, um diese Schwellenwerte anzupassen.
Ladung: Pulvergewicht in Grain. Beginnen Sie mit der Mindestladung und steigern Sie diese vorsichtig.
FR (Ladedichte): Hülsenfüllung in Prozent. Werte über 100% bedeuten komprimierte Ladungen.
MaxP / %: Maximaler Kammerdruck in bar sowie als Prozentsatz des standardisierten Maximums für dieses Kaliber.
V(0): Mündungsgeschwindigkeit in Fuß pro Sekunde (fps) bei standardisierter Lauflänge.
z (Pulverabbrand): Geschätzter Pulverabbrand in Prozent beim Austritt des Geschosses.
Für die Verwendung des personalisierten Ladungsrechners ist eine gültige Zugriffslizenz erforderlich.
Weitere Informationen finden Sie in unseren FAQ: Wie kann ich den personalisierten Ladungsrechner verwenden?
Maximallast - Lauflänge: 61.0 cm
| Pulver | Ladung | FR | MaxP | % | V(0) | z |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Accurate 1680 | <<locked>> | 82% | 3,552 bar | 86% | 752 m/s | 100% |
| Accurate 2015 | <<locked>> | 96% | 3,680 bar | 89% | 782 m/s | 100% |
| Accurate 2200 | <<locked>> | 86% | 3,585 bar | 86% | 792 m/s | 96.7% |
| Accurate 2230 | <<locked>> | 86% | 3,595 bar | 87% | 794 m/s | 97.2% |
| Accurate 2460 | <<locked>> | 92% | 3,594 bar | 87% | 788 m/s | 99.8% |
| Accurate 2495ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 3,343 bar | 81% | 782 m/s | 100% |
| Accurate 2520 | <<locked>> | 96% | 3,631 bar | 87% | 802 m/s | 99.7% |
| Accurate 4064ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 3,101 bar | 75% | 775 m/s | 99.7% |
| Accurate LT-30 | <<locked>> | 88% | 3,628 bar | 87% | 759 m/s | 100% |
| Accurate LT-32 | <<locked>> | 88% | 3,659 bar | 88% | 763 m/s | 99.7% |
| ADI AR 2206H | <<locked>> | 98% | 3,620 bar | 87% | 801 m/s | 97.7% |
| ADI AR 2207 | <<locked>> | 86% | 3,666 bar | 88% | 767 m/s | 100% |
| ADI AR 2208ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 3,256 bar | 78% | 769 m/s | 95.8% |
| ADI AR 2219 | <<locked>> | 88% | 3,532 bar | 85% | 789 m/s | 100% |
| ADI Benchmark 8208 | <<locked>> | 96% | 3,620 bar | 87% | 792 m/s | 98.7% |
| Alliant AR-Comp | <<locked>> | 98% | 3,690 bar | 89% | 804 m/s | 100% |
| Alliant Power Pro 1200-R | <<locked>> | 92% | 3,659 bar | 88% | 820 m/s | 98.5% |
| Alliant Power Pro 2000-MRᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 3,598 bar | 87% | 824 m/s | 96.4% |
| Alliant Reloder- TS 15.5ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 3,095 bar | 75% | 773 m/s | 97.3% |
| Alliant Reloder-10x | <<locked>> | 92% | 3,707 bar | 89% | 787 m/s | 100% |
| Alliant Reloder-15ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 3,401 bar | 82% | 793 m/s | 96.6% |
| Alliant Reloder-7 | <<locked>> | 86% | 3,742 bar | 90% | 770 m/s | 100% |
| Baschieri & Pellagri 106 | <<locked>> | 90% | 3,751 bar | 90% | 771 m/s | 100% |
| Baschieri & Pellagri 107 | <<locked>> | 98% | 3,601 bar | 87% | 803 m/s | 96.5% |
| Bofors RP3ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 3,086 bar | 74% | 776 m/s | 97.3% |
| Hodgdon Benchmark | <<locked>> | 94% | 3,580 bar | 86% | 776 m/s | 99% |
| Hodgdon BL-C2 | <<locked>> | 98% | 3,677 bar | 89% | 813 m/s | 99.3% |
| Hodgdon CFE223 | <<locked>> | 94% | 3,578 bar | 86% | 821 m/s | 97.1% |
| Hodgdon H322 | <<locked>> | 92% | 3,672 bar | 88% | 798 m/s | 100% |
| Hodgdon H335 | <<locked>> | 92% | 3,739 bar | 90% | 804 m/s | 100% |
| Hodgdon H4198 | <<locked>> | 84% | 3,543 bar | 85% | 759 m/s | 100% |
| Hodgdon H4895 | <<locked>> | 98% | 3,640 bar | 88% | 805 m/s | 98.3% |
| Hodgdon LEVERevolutionᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 3,511 bar | 85% | 810 m/s | 98.4% |
| Hodgdon TrailBossᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 2,305 bar | 56% | 468 m/s | 100% |
| Hodgdon VARGET | <<locked>> | 98% | 3,526 bar | 85% | 791 m/s | 97.9% |
| IMR 3031ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 3,714 bar | 89% | 817 m/s | 100% |
| IMR 4064ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 3,424 bar | 83% | 778 m/s | 96.7% |
| IMR 4198 | <<locked>> | 90% | 3,575 bar | 86% | 765 m/s | 100% |
| IMR 4895ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 3,477 bar | 84% | 803 m/s | 97.5% |
| IMR 8208 XBR | <<locked>> | 96% | 3,620 bar | 87% | 792 m/s | 98.7% |
| Lovex D073.4 | <<locked>> | 86% | 3,637 bar | 88% | 792 m/s | 99.6% |
| Lovex D073.5 | <<locked>> | 92% | 3,603 bar | 87% | 790 m/s | 99.3% |
| Lovex D073.6ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 3,711 bar | 89% | 810 m/s | 99.8% |
| Lovex S053 | <<locked>> | 82% | 3,663 bar | 88% | 738 m/s | 100% |
| Lovex S060 | <<locked>> | 98% | 3,725 bar | 90% | 784 m/s | 97.9% |
| Lovex S062ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 3,343 bar | 81% | 779 m/s | 98.3% |
| Norma 200 | <<locked>> | 88% | 3,720 bar | 90% | 780 m/s | 100% |
| Norma 201ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 3,747 bar | 90% | 800 m/s | 99% |
| Norma 202ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 3,744 bar | 90% | 804 m/s | 100% |
| Norma 203Bᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 3,334 bar | 80% | 789 m/s | 97% |
| Ramshot Big Gameᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 3,379 bar | 81% | 795 m/s | 96.7% |
| Ramshot Wild Boar | <<locked>> | 96% | 3,555 bar | 86% | 799 m/s | 97.5% |
| Ramshot X-Terminator | <<locked>> | 94% | 3,738 bar | 90% | 792 m/s | 97.7% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 14ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 2,292 bar | 55% | 478 m/s | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 40 | <<locked>> | 92% | 3,606 bar | 87% | 790 m/s | 99.5% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 52ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 3,588 bar | 86% | 825 m/s | 97.1% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 60ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 2,972 bar | 72% | 784 m/s | 98.2% |
| Rottweil R 901 | <<locked>> | 96% | 3,619 bar | 87% | 787 m/s | 99.8% |
| Rottweil R 902ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 3,531 bar | 85% | 784 m/s | 98.6% |
| Rottweil R 903ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 2,864 bar | 69% | 756 m/s | 96.2% |
| Shooters World AR Plus | <<locked>> | 86% | 3,637 bar | 88% | 792 m/s | 99.6% |
| Shooters World Match Rifleᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 3,711 bar | 89% | 810 m/s | 99.8% |
| Shooters World Precisionᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 3,343 bar | 81% | 779 m/s | 98.3% |
| Shooters World Tactical Rifle | <<locked>> | 90% | 3,662 bar | 88% | 782 m/s | 98.5% |
| SNPE Vectan BA6 1/2 | <<locked>> | 86% | 3,713 bar | 89% | 696 m/s | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 10 | <<locked>> | 88% | 3,558 bar | 86% | 791 m/s | 99.8% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 3 | <<locked>> | 90% | 3,559 bar | 86% | 778 m/s | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 7 | <<locked>> | 98% | 3,723 bar | 90% | 797 m/s | 95.8% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 9ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 3,747 bar | 90% | 807 m/s | 97.9% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 3000 | <<locked>> | 96% | 3,529 bar | 85% | 764 m/s | 99.8% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 5000ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 3,237 bar | 78% | 749 m/s | 99.9% |
| Somchem S321 | <<locked>> | 94% | 3,691 bar | 89% | 803 m/s | 99.1% |
| Somchem S335 | <<locked>> | 98% | 3,637 bar | 88% | 776 m/s | 100% |
| Somchem S341 | <<locked>> | 98% | 3,686 bar | 89% | 799 m/s | 97.7% |
| Somchem S355ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 2,957 bar | 71% | 758 m/s | 96.3% |
| Vihtavuori N120 | <<locked>> | 86% | 3,664 bar | 88% | 752 m/s | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N130 | <<locked>> | 94% | 3,739 bar | 90% | 772 m/s | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N133 | <<locked>> | 98% | 3,709 bar | 89% | 775 m/s | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N135ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 3,401 bar | 82% | 781 m/s | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N140ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 3,568 bar | 86% | 786 m/s | 99.9% |
| Vihtavuori N150ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 2,856 bar | 69% | 743 m/s | 97.3% |
| Vihtavuori N530 | <<locked>> | 96% | 3,654 bar | 88% | 792 m/s | 98.8% |
| Vihtavuori N540ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 3,433 bar | 83% | 783 m/s | 99.7% |
| Winchester 748 | <<locked>> | 96% | 3,509 bar | 85% | 803 m/s | 99.2% |
| Winchester StaBALL Matchᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 3,694 bar | 89% | 810 m/s | 98.4% |
Empfohlen = eines der besten Pulver für diese Patronen-Geschoss-Kombination.
Startladung - Lauflänge: 61.0 cm
| Pulver | Ladung | FR | MaxP | % | V(0) | z |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Accurate 1680 | <<locked>> | 80% | 3,342 bar | 81% | 739 m/s | 100% |
| Accurate 2015 | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,249 bar | 54% | 679 m/s | 99.1% |
| Accurate 2200 | <<locked>> | 82% | 3,142 bar | 76% | 760 m/s | 95.3% |
| Accurate 2230 | <<locked>> | 82% | 3,123 bar | 75% | 762 m/s | 95.7% |
| Accurate 2460 | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,409 bar | 58% | 701 m/s | 97.3% |
| Accurate 2495 | <<locked>> | 80% | 1,726 bar | 42% | 645 m/s | 97.3% |
| Accurate 2520 | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,093 bar | 50% | 682 m/s | 95.3% |
| Accurate 4064 | <<locked>> | 84% | 1,861 bar | 45% | 664 m/s | 95.3% |
| Accurate LT-30 | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,847 bar | 69% | 706 m/s | 99.5% |
| Accurate LT-32 | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,873 bar | 69% | 709 m/s | 98.3% |
| ADI AR 2206H | <<locked>> | 90% | 2,827 bar | 68% | 743 m/s | 95.2% |
| ADI AR 2207 | <<locked>> | 80% | 3,059 bar | 74% | 731 m/s | 100% |
| ADI AR 2208 | <<locked>> | 98% | 3,068 bar | 74% | 755 m/s | 95.1% |
| ADI AR 2219 | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,702 bar | 65% | 731 m/s | 99.2% |
| ADI Benchmark 8208 | <<locked>> | 84% | 2,487 bar | 60% | 706 m/s | 95.1% |
| Alliant AR-Comp | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,049 bar | 49% | 683 m/s | 99.9% |
| Alliant Power Pro 1200-R | 34 gr | 2.20 g | 82% | 2,650 bar | 64% | 743 m/s | 95.3% |
| Alliant Power Pro 2000-MR | <<locked>> | 98% | 3,358 bar | 81% | 806 m/s | 95.5% |
| Alliant Reloder- TS 15.5 | <<locked>> | 94% | 2,578 bar | 62% | 731 m/s | 95.3% |
| Alliant Reloder-10x | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,588 bar | 62% | 711 m/s | 100% |
| Alliant Reloder-15 | <<locked>> | 96% | 3,012 bar | 73% | 764 m/s | 95.3% |
| Alliant Reloder-7 | <<locked>> | 80% | 3,118 bar | 75% | 733 m/s | 100% |
| Baschieri & Pellagri 106 | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,721 bar | 66% | 704 m/s | 99.4% |
| Baschieri & Pellagri 107 | <<locked>> | 96% | 3,370 bar | 81% | 787 m/s | 95.7% |
| Bofors RP3 | <<locked>> | 94% | 2,503 bar | 60% | 729 m/s | 95.1% |
| Hodgdon Benchmark | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,353 bar | 57% | 680 m/s | 95.1% |
| Hodgdon BL-C2 | <<locked>> | 84% | 2,301 bar | 55% | 707 m/s | 95% |
| Hodgdon CFE223 | 40.6 gr | 2.63 g | 90% | 3,124 bar | 75% | 788 m/s | 95.6% |
| Hodgdon H322 | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,476 bar | 60% | 711 m/s | 98.6% |
| Hodgdon H335 | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,499 bar | 60% | 715 m/s | 97.8% |
| Hodgdon H4198 | <<locked>> | 80% | 3,138 bar | 76% | 732 m/s | 99.6% |
| Hodgdon H4895 | <<locked>> | 88% | 2,654 bar | 64% | 731 m/s | 95.1% |
| Hodgdon LEVERevolution | <<locked>> | 92% | 2,709 bar | 65% | 749 m/s | 95.7% |
| Hodgdon TrailBoss | <<locked>> | 80% | 1,703 bar | 41% | 418 m/s | 100% |
| Hodgdon VARGET | <<locked>> | 90% | 2,748 bar | 66% | 733 m/s | 95.4% |
| IMR 3031 | <<locked>> | 80% | 1,966 bar | 47% | 677 m/s | 97.3% |
| IMR 4064 | <<locked>> | 96% | 3,029 bar | 73% | 750 m/s | 95.3% |
| IMR 4198 | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,675 bar | 64% | 705 m/s | 100% |
| IMR 4895 | <<locked>> | 94% | 2,872 bar | 69% | 758 m/s | 95.5% |
| IMR 8208 XBR | <<locked>> | 84% | 2,487 bar | 60% | 706 m/s | 95.1% |
| Lovex D073.4 | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,943 bar | 71% | 746 m/s | 98.4% |
| Lovex D073.5 | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,378 bar | 57% | 698 m/s | 95.8% |
| Lovex D073.6 | <<locked>> | 84% | 2,148 bar | 52% | 691 m/s | 95.6% |
| Lovex S053 | <<locked>> | 80% | 3,473 bar | 84% | 727 m/s | 100% |
| Lovex S060 | <<locked>> | 90% | 2,943 bar | 71% | 729 m/s | 95.5% |
| Lovex S062 | <<locked>> | 90% | 2,465 bar | 59% | 710 m/s | 95.2% |
| Norma 200 | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,913 bar | 70% | 730 m/s | 100% |
| Norma 201 | <<locked>> | 86% | 2,431 bar | 59% | 701 m/s | 95% |
| Norma 202 | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,002 bar | 48% | 666 m/s | 95.5% |
| Norma 203B | <<locked>> | 96% | 2,954 bar | 71% | 761 m/s | 95.8% |
| Ramshot Big Game | <<locked>> | 96% | 2,958 bar | 71% | 763 m/s | 95.2% |
| Ramshot Wild Boar | <<locked>> | 90% | 2,906 bar | 70% | 752 m/s | 95.4% |
| Ramshot X-Terminator | <<locked>> | 86% | 2,900 bar | 70% | 733 m/s | 95.1% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 14 | <<locked>> | 80% | 1,701 bar | 41% | 428 m/s | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 40 | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,467 bar | 59% | 704 m/s | 96.7% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 52 | <<locked>> | 96% | 3,122 bar | 75% | 791 m/s | 95.6% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 60 | <<locked>> | 94% | 2,454 bar | 59% | 734 m/s | 95.7% |
| Rottweil R 901 | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,259 bar | 54% | 680 m/s | 96.6% |
| Rottweil R 902 | <<locked>> | 88% | 2,451 bar | 59% | 701 m/s | 95% |
| Rottweil R 903 | <<locked>> | 98% | 2,664 bar | 64% | 740 m/s | 95.4% |
| Shooters World AR Plus | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,943 bar | 71% | 746 m/s | 98.4% |
| Shooters World Match Rifle | <<locked>> | 84% | 2,148 bar | 52% | 691 m/s | 95.6% |
| Shooters World Precision | <<locked>> | 90% | 2,465 bar | 59% | 710 m/s | 95.2% |
| Shooters World Tactical Rifle | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,613 bar | 63% | 706 m/s | 95.2% |
| SNPE Vectan BA6 1/2 | <<locked>> | 80% | 3,184 bar | 77% | 667 m/s | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 10 | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,737 bar | 66% | 733 m/s | 98.5% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 3 | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,610 bar | 63% | 712 m/s | 99.5% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 7 | <<locked>> | 96% | 3,474 bar | 84% | 781 m/s | 95% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 9 | <<locked>> | 92% | 2,885 bar | 70% | 747 m/s | 95.3% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 3000 | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,156 bar | 52% | 657 m/s | 96.2% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 5000 | <<locked>> | 82% | 1,858 bar | 45% | 632 m/s | 95.7% |
| Somchem S321 | <<locked>> | 82% | 2,458 bar | 59% | 711 m/s | 95.4% |
| Somchem S335 | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,113 bar | 51% | 659 m/s | 97% |
| Somchem S341 | <<locked>> | 92% | 3,004 bar | 72% | 753 m/s | 95.6% |
| Somchem S355 | <<locked>> | 98% | 2,782 bar | 67% | 744 m/s | 95.6% |
| Vihtavuori N120 | <<locked>> | 80% | 3,065 bar | 74% | 718 m/s | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N130 | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,456 bar | 59% | 685 m/s | 99.8% |
| Vihtavuori N133 | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,141 bar | 52% | 661 m/s | 98.6% |
| Vihtavuori N135 | <<locked>> | 80% | 1,803 bar | 43% | 648 m/s | 97.5% |
| Vihtavuori N140 | <<locked>> | 80% | 1,904 bar | 46% | 649 m/s | 95.2% |
| Vihtavuori N150 | <<locked>> | 94% | 2,352 bar | 57% | 700 m/s | 95.1% |
| Vihtavuori N530 | <<locked>> | 84% | 2,476 bar | 60% | 704 m/s | 95.2% |
| Vihtavuori N540 | <<locked>> | 84% | 2,056 bar | 50% | 671 m/s | 95.6% |
| Winchester 748 | 36.4 gr | 2.36 g | 84% | 2,366 bar | 57% | 712 m/s | 95.6% |
| Winchester StaBALL Match | <<locked>> | 90% | 2,649 bar | 64% | 733 m/s | 95% |
Empfohlen = eines der besten Pulver für diese Patronen-Geschoss-Kombination.
ᴾ mögliche Presslast - steigern Sie sich langsam zu dieser Ladung und achten Sie dabei auf Anzeichen von übermäßigem Druck.
<<locked>> Sie benötigen eine Zugangslizenz, um diese Daten freizuschalten.
Diese Übersicht vergleicht 94 Pulver für das Kaliber .308 Win. mit dem Geschoss .308 | 165gr | Swift Scirocco. Die höchste Mündungsgeschwindigkeit erreicht ReloadSwiss RS 52 mit 825 m/s; über alle Pulver hinweg liegt das Fenster zwischen 468 m/s und 825 m/s bei Maximallast. Den besten Hülsenfüllgrad liefert Accurate 2495 mit 100 %, und 94 der 94 Pulver liegen im gut nutzbaren Bereich von 80 bis 100 %.
Bezogen auf den zulässigen Höchstdruck des Kalibers (415 MPa) nutzen die Maximallasten 51 bis 90 % aus — es bleiben also mindestens 10 % Reserve. Für das 165,0 gr schwere Geschoss im Kaliber 0.308" wird ein Drall von 1:11.5 empfohlen — langsamere Dralle stabilisieren dieses Gewicht in der Regel nicht. Accurate 2495, Accurate 2700, Accurate 4064 erreichen bei Maximallast 100 % Füllgrad oder mehr — diese Ladungen sind komprimiert, lassen sich nur mit langem Trichter oder Schüttfülltrichter sauber einfüllen und reagieren empfindlich auf die Hülsenkapazität deiner Charge. Ganz oben stehen Hodgdon CFE223, Alliant Power Pro 1200-R, Winchester 748: Diese Pulver verbinden für .308 Win. mit .308 | 165gr | Swift Scirocco einen hohen Füllgrad mit vollständigem Abbrand und liegen bei der Mündungsgeschwindigkeit im oberen Feld. Als Ausreißer verbrennen Accurate 2700, Alliant Reloder-17, Hodgdon H380 unvollständig und reagieren empfindlicher auf Lauflänge und Temperatur. Beginne immer bei der Startlast und arbeite dich in kleinen Schritten nach oben, während du Hülse und Zünder auf Druckzeichen prüfst.