Ladedaten-Spezifikationen
Ladedaten für Kaliber .308 Win. mit Geschoss .308 | 165gr | SUS-TAC HP und 85 Pulvers. Die wichtigsten zugrunde liegenden Parameter sind in der obigen Tabelle dargestellt. Die empfohlenen Pulver für diese Patronen-Geschoss-Kombination sind Hodgdon CFE223, Alliant Power Pro 1200-R und Winchester 748.
Wichtiger Hinweis: Gehen Sie NICHT unter die Mindestladung oder über die Maximalladung. Da wir keine Kontrolle über die verwendete Ausrüstung und Komponenten haben, wird jegliche Verantwortung und Haftung für die erzielten Ergebnisse abgelehnt.
Es werden nur Pulver/Ladungen angezeigt, die den aktuellen Filterkriterien entsprechen: Maximaldruck einer Ladung ≤ 90% des standardisierten Maximaldrucks, Ladedichte ≥ 80% und Pulverabbrand ≥ 95%. Verwenden Sie die Schieberegler oberhalb der Tabellen, um diese Schwellenwerte anzupassen.
Ladung: Pulvergewicht in Grain. Beginnen Sie mit der Mindestladung und steigern Sie diese vorsichtig.
FR (Ladedichte): Hülsenfüllung in Prozent. Werte über 100% bedeuten komprimierte Ladungen.
MaxP / %: Maximaler Kammerdruck in bar sowie als Prozentsatz des standardisierten Maximums für dieses Kaliber.
V(0): Mündungsgeschwindigkeit in Fuß pro Sekunde (fps) bei standardisierter Lauflänge.
z (Pulverabbrand): Geschätzter Pulverabbrand in Prozent beim Austritt des Geschosses.
Für die Verwendung des personalisierten Ladungsrechners ist eine gültige Zugriffslizenz erforderlich.
Weitere Informationen finden Sie in unseren FAQ: Wie kann ich den personalisierten Ladungsrechner verwenden?
Maximallast - Lauflänge: 61.0 cm
| Pulver | Ladung | FR | MaxP | % | V(0) | z |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Accurate 1680 | <<locked>> | 84% | 3,729 bar | 90% | 759 m/s | 100% |
| Accurate 2015 | <<locked>> | 96% | 3,605 bar | 87% | 775 m/s | 100% |
| Accurate 2200 | <<locked>> | 88% | 3,739 bar | 90% | 799 m/s | 97% |
| Accurate 2230 | <<locked>> | 86% | 3,531 bar | 85% | 787 m/s | 96.8% |
| Accurate 2460 | <<locked>> | 92% | 3,529 bar | 85% | 781 m/s | 99.7% |
| Accurate 2495ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 3,275 bar | 79% | 775 m/s | 100% |
| Accurate 2520 | <<locked>> | 96% | 3,567 bar | 86% | 796 m/s | 99.6% |
| Accurate 4064ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 3,038 bar | 73% | 769 m/s | 99.5% |
| Accurate LT-30 | <<locked>> | 88% | 3,585 bar | 86% | 753 m/s | 100% |
| Accurate LT-32 | <<locked>> | 88% | 3,616 bar | 87% | 758 m/s | 99.6% |
| ADI AR 2206H | <<locked>> | 98% | 3,534 bar | 85% | 792 m/s | 97.4% |
| ADI AR 2207 | <<locked>> | 86% | 3,606 bar | 87% | 761 m/s | 100% |
| ADI AR 2219 | <<locked>> | 90% | 3,713 bar | 89% | 798 m/s | 100% |
| ADI Benchmark 8208 | <<locked>> | 98% | 3,750 bar | 90% | 797 m/s | 98.8% |
| Alliant AR-Comp | <<locked>> | 98% | 3,583 bar | 86% | 796 m/s | 100% |
| Alliant Power Pro 1200-R | <<locked>> | 92% | 3,587 bar | 86% | 812 m/s | 98.2% |
| Alliant Power Pro 2000-MRᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 3,529 bar | 85% | 815 m/s | 95.9% |
| Alliant Reloder- TS 15.5ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 3,037 bar | 73% | 766 m/s | 97% |
| Alliant Reloder-10x | <<locked>> | 92% | 3,653 bar | 88% | 781 m/s | 100% |
| Alliant Reloder-15ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 3,344 bar | 81% | 786 m/s | 96.3% |
| Alliant Reloder-7 | <<locked>> | 86% | 3,686 bar | 89% | 765 m/s | 100% |
| Baschieri & Pellagri 106 | <<locked>> | 90% | 3,697 bar | 89% | 765 m/s | 100% |
| Baschieri & Pellagri 107 | <<locked>> | 98% | 3,528 bar | 85% | 795 m/s | 96.1% |
| Bofors RP3ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 3,000 bar | 72% | 767 m/s | 96.9% |
| Hodgdon Benchmark | <<locked>> | 96% | 3,735 bar | 90% | 782 m/s | 99.2% |
| Hodgdon BL-C2 | <<locked>> | 98% | 3,590 bar | 87% | 804 m/s | 99.1% |
| Hodgdon CFE223 | <<locked>> | 94% | 3,523 bar | 85% | 814 m/s | 96.8% |
| Hodgdon H322 | <<locked>> | 92% | 3,598 bar | 87% | 791 m/s | 100% |
| Hodgdon H335 | <<locked>> | 92% | 3,678 bar | 89% | 798 m/s | 99.9% |
| Hodgdon H4198 | <<locked>> | 86% | 3,718 bar | 90% | 766 m/s | 100% |
| Hodgdon H4895 | <<locked>> | 98% | 3,552 bar | 86% | 796 m/s | 98% |
| Hodgdon LEVERevolutionᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 3,435 bar | 83% | 802 m/s | 98.1% |
| Hodgdon TrailBossᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 2,286 bar | 55% | 464 m/s | 100% |
| Hodgdon VARGETᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 3,691 bar | 89% | 798 m/s | 98.1% |
| IMR 3031ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 3,643 bar | 88% | 811 m/s | 100% |
| IMR 4064ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 3,367 bar | 81% | 771 m/s | 96.3% |
| IMR 4198 | <<locked>> | 92% | 3,720 bar | 90% | 770 m/s | 100% |
| IMR 4227 | <<locked>> | 82% | 3,703 bar | 89% | 748 m/s | 100% |
| IMR 4895ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 3,422 bar | 82% | 796 m/s | 97.2% |
| IMR 8208 XBR | <<locked>> | 98% | 3,750 bar | 90% | 797 m/s | 98.8% |
| Lovex D073.4 | <<locked>> | 86% | 3,568 bar | 86% | 785 m/s | 99.5% |
| Lovex D073.5 | <<locked>> | 92% | 3,512 bar | 85% | 782 m/s | 99.1% |
| Lovex D073.6ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 3,618 bar | 87% | 802 m/s | 99.7% |
| Lovex S053 | <<locked>> | 82% | 3,628 bar | 87% | 733 m/s | 100% |
| Lovex S060 | <<locked>> | 98% | 3,666 bar | 88% | 777 m/s | 97.6% |
| Lovex S062ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 3,281 bar | 79% | 772 m/s | 98% |
| Norma 200 | <<locked>> | 88% | 3,665 bar | 88% | 775 m/s | 100% |
| Norma 201ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 3,687 bar | 89% | 794 m/s | 98.8% |
| Norma 202ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 3,682 bar | 89% | 798 m/s | 99.9% |
| Norma 203Bᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 3,278 bar | 79% | 783 m/s | 96.7% |
| Ramshot Big Gameᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 3,312 bar | 80% | 787 m/s | 96.3% |
| Ramshot Wild Boar | <<locked>> | 98% | 3,725 bar | 90% | 806 m/s | 97.7% |
| Ramshot X-Terminator | <<locked>> | 94% | 3,686 bar | 89% | 786 m/s | 97.5% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 14ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 2,297 bar | 55% | 476 m/s | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 36 | <<locked>> | 82% | 3,707 bar | 89% | 759 m/s | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 40 | <<locked>> | 92% | 3,542 bar | 85% | 783 m/s | 99.4% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 52ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 3,508 bar | 85% | 816 m/s | 96.7% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 60ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 2,936 bar | 71% | 777 m/s | 97.9% |
| Rottweil R 901 | <<locked>> | 96% | 3,548 bar | 85% | 780 m/s | 99.7% |
| Rottweil R 902ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 3,473 bar | 84% | 777 m/s | 98.3% |
| Rottweil R 903ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 2,783 bar | 67% | 747 m/s | 95.7% |
| Shooters World AR Plus | <<locked>> | 86% | 3,568 bar | 86% | 785 m/s | 99.5% |
| Shooters World Match Rifleᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 3,618 bar | 87% | 802 m/s | 99.7% |
| Shooters World Precisionᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 3,281 bar | 79% | 772 m/s | 98% |
| Shooters World Tactical Rifle | <<locked>> | 90% | 3,603 bar | 87% | 775 m/s | 98.2% |
| SNPE Vectan BA6 1/2 | <<locked>> | 86% | 3,674 bar | 89% | 691 m/s | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 10 | <<locked>> | 90% | 3,744 bar | 90% | 800 m/s | 99.9% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 3 | <<locked>> | 92% | 3,733 bar | 90% | 786 m/s | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 9ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 3,666 bar | 88% | 799 m/s | 97.6% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 3000 | <<locked>> | 98% | 3,694 bar | 89% | 770 m/s | 99.9% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 5000ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 3,173 bar | 76% | 743 m/s | 99.8% |
| Somchem S321 | <<locked>> | 94% | 3,605 bar | 87% | 795 m/s | 98.8% |
| Somchem S335 | <<locked>> | 98% | 3,579 bar | 86% | 770 m/s | 100% |
| Somchem S341 | <<locked>> | 98% | 3,607 bar | 87% | 791 m/s | 97.3% |
| Somchem S355ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 2,904 bar | 70% | 751 m/s | 95.9% |
| Vihtavuori N120 | <<locked>> | 86% | 3,605 bar | 87% | 747 m/s | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N130 | <<locked>> | 94% | 3,670 bar | 88% | 766 m/s | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N133 | <<locked>> | 98% | 3,641 bar | 88% | 769 m/s | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N135ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 3,331 bar | 80% | 775 m/s | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N140ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 3,479 bar | 84% | 778 m/s | 99.9% |
| Vihtavuori N150ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 2,783 bar | 67% | 734 m/s | 96.9% |
| Vihtavuori N530 | <<locked>> | 96% | 3,593 bar | 87% | 785 m/s | 98.6% |
| Vihtavuori N540ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 3,356 bar | 81% | 776 m/s | 99.6% |
| Winchester 748 | <<locked>> | 98% | 3,672 bar | 88% | 810 m/s | 99.4% |
| Winchester StaBALL Matchᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 3,617 bar | 87% | 802 m/s | 98.1% |
Empfohlen = eines der besten Pulver für diese Patronen-Geschoss-Kombination.
Startladung - Lauflänge: 61.0 cm
| Pulver | Ladung | FR | MaxP | % | V(0) | z |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Accurate 1680 | <<locked>> | 80% | 3,273 bar | 79% | 733 m/s | 100% |
| Accurate 2015 | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,202 bar | 53% | 672 m/s | 98.9% |
| Accurate 2200 | <<locked>> | 84% | 3,296 bar | 79% | 769 m/s | 95.7% |
| Accurate 2230 | <<locked>> | 82% | 3,051 bar | 74% | 754 m/s | 95.3% |
| Accurate 2460 | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,368 bar | 57% | 694 m/s | 97% |
| Accurate 2495 | <<locked>> | 80% | 1,683 bar | 41% | 638 m/s | 96.9% |
| Accurate 2520 | <<locked>> | 82% | 2,206 bar | 53% | 691 m/s | 95.8% |
| Accurate 4064 | <<locked>> | 86% | 1,941 bar | 47% | 671 m/s | 95.7% |
| Accurate LT-30 | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,799 bar | 67% | 700 m/s | 99.4% |
| Accurate LT-32 | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,826 bar | 68% | 703 m/s | 98.1% |
| ADI AR 2206H | <<locked>> | 92% | 2,946 bar | 71% | 750 m/s | 95.5% |
| ADI AR 2207 | <<locked>> | 80% | 3,000 bar | 72% | 725 m/s | 100% |
| ADI AR 2219 | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,653 bar | 64% | 725 m/s | 99% |
| ADI Benchmark 8208 | <<locked>> | 86% | 2,605 bar | 63% | 714 m/s | 95.5% |
| Alliant AR-Comp | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,024 bar | 49% | 678 m/s | 99.8% |
| Alliant Power Pro 1200-R | 34.2 gr | 2.22 g | 84% | 2,776 bar | 67% | 751 m/s | 95.7% |
| Alliant Power Pro 2000-MR | <<locked>> | 98% | 3,294 bar | 79% | 798 m/s | 95% |
| Alliant Reloder- TS 15.5 | <<locked>> | 96% | 2,684 bar | 65% | 738 m/s | 95.6% |
| Alliant Reloder-10x | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,537 bar | 61% | 705 m/s | 99.9% |
| Alliant Reloder-15 | <<locked>> | 98% | 3,121 bar | 75% | 770 m/s | 95.5% |
| Alliant Reloder-7 | <<locked>> | 80% | 3,090 bar | 74% | 728 m/s | 100% |
| Baschieri & Pellagri 106 | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,688 bar | 65% | 699 m/s | 99.3% |
| Baschieri & Pellagri 107 | <<locked>> | 96% | 3,299 bar | 79% | 779 m/s | 95.3% |
| Bofors RP3 | <<locked>> | 96% | 2,635 bar | 63% | 738 m/s | 95.5% |
| Hodgdon Benchmark | <<locked>> | 82% | 2,459 bar | 59% | 688 m/s | 95.5% |
| Hodgdon BL-C2 | <<locked>> | 86% | 2,393 bar | 58% | 714 m/s | 95.3% |
| Hodgdon CFE223 | 39.9 gr | 2.59 g | 90% | 3,073 bar | 74% | 780 m/s | 95.1% |
| Hodgdon H322 | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,430 bar | 59% | 705 m/s | 98.4% |
| Hodgdon H335 | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,459 bar | 59% | 709 m/s | 97.6% |
| Hodgdon H4198 | <<locked>> | 80% | 3,087 bar | 74% | 725 m/s | 99.5% |
| Hodgdon H4895 | <<locked>> | 90% | 2,782 bar | 67% | 739 m/s | 95.5% |
| Hodgdon LEVERevolution | <<locked>> | 92% | 2,658 bar | 64% | 741 m/s | 95.2% |
| Hodgdon TrailBoss | <<locked>> | 80% | 1,698 bar | 41% | 415 m/s | 100% |
| Hodgdon VARGET | <<locked>> | 90% | 2,715 bar | 65% | 727 m/s | 95% |
| IMR 3031 | <<locked>> | 80% | 1,926 bar | 46% | 670 m/s | 96.9% |
| IMR 4064 | <<locked>> | 98% | 3,165 bar | 76% | 757 m/s | 95.6% |
| IMR 4198 | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,639 bar | 64% | 700 m/s | 100% |
| IMR 4227 | <<locked>> | 80% | 3,502 bar | 84% | 737 m/s | 100% |
| IMR 4895 | <<locked>> | 94% | 2,814 bar | 68% | 751 m/s | 95.1% |
| IMR 8208 XBR | <<locked>> | 86% | 2,605 bar | 63% | 714 m/s | 95.5% |
| Lovex D073.4 | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,894 bar | 70% | 739 m/s | 98.2% |
| Lovex D073.5 | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,342 bar | 56% | 692 m/s | 95.4% |
| Lovex D073.6 | <<locked>> | 84% | 2,108 bar | 51% | 685 m/s | 95.2% |
| Lovex S053 | <<locked>> | 80% | 3,435 bar | 83% | 723 m/s | 100% |
| Lovex S060 | <<locked>> | 90% | 2,888 bar | 70% | 722 m/s | 95.1% |
| Lovex S062 | <<locked>> | 92% | 2,563 bar | 62% | 716 m/s | 95.5% |
| Norma 200 | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,858 bar | 69% | 724 m/s | 100% |
| Norma 201 | <<locked>> | 88% | 2,545 bar | 61% | 709 m/s | 95.4% |
| Norma 202 | <<locked>> | 80% | 1,963 bar | 47% | 659 m/s | 95.1% |
| Norma 203B | <<locked>> | 96% | 2,872 bar | 69% | 753 m/s | 95.3% |
| Ramshot Big Game | <<locked>> | 98% | 3,093 bar | 75% | 771 m/s | 95.5% |
| Ramshot Wild Boar | <<locked>> | 90% | 2,854 bar | 69% | 745 m/s | 95% |
| Ramshot X-Terminator | <<locked>> | 88% | 3,044 bar | 73% | 742 m/s | 95.5% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 14 | <<locked>> | 80% | 1,695 bar | 41% | 425 m/s | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 36 | <<locked>> | 80% | 3,487 bar | 84% | 747 m/s | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 40 | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,425 bar | 58% | 698 m/s | 96.3% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 52 | <<locked>> | 96% | 3,067 bar | 74% | 784 m/s | 95.2% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 60 | <<locked>> | 94% | 2,418 bar | 58% | 727 m/s | 95.1% |
| Rottweil R 901 | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,214 bar | 53% | 673 m/s | 96.2% |
| Rottweil R 902 | <<locked>> | 90% | 2,567 bar | 62% | 709 m/s | 95.4% |
| Rottweil R 903 | <<locked>> | 98% | 2,608 bar | 63% | 733 m/s | 95% |
| Shooters World AR Plus | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,894 bar | 70% | 739 m/s | 98.2% |
| Shooters World Match Rifle | <<locked>> | 84% | 2,108 bar | 51% | 685 m/s | 95.2% |
| Shooters World Precision | <<locked>> | 92% | 2,563 bar | 62% | 716 m/s | 95.5% |
| Shooters World Tactical Rifle | <<locked>> | 82% | 2,738 bar | 66% | 714 m/s | 95.6% |
| SNPE Vectan BA6 1/2 | <<locked>> | 80% | 3,146 bar | 76% | 663 m/s | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 10 | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,697 bar | 65% | 727 m/s | 98.3% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 3 | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,579 bar | 62% | 707 m/s | 99.3% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 9 | <<locked>> | 94% | 3,034 bar | 73% | 756 m/s | 95.7% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 3000 | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,131 bar | 51% | 652 m/s | 95.9% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 5000 | <<locked>> | 82% | 1,825 bar | 44% | 625 m/s | 95.3% |
| Somchem S321 | <<locked>> | 82% | 2,422 bar | 58% | 705 m/s | 95% |
| Somchem S335 | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,073 bar | 50% | 653 m/s | 96.7% |
| Somchem S341 | <<locked>> | 92% | 2,954 bar | 71% | 746 m/s | 95.2% |
| Somchem S355 | <<locked>> | 98% | 2,724 bar | 66% | 737 m/s | 95.2% |
| Vihtavuori N120 | <<locked>> | 80% | 3,002 bar | 72% | 712 m/s | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N130 | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,429 bar | 59% | 681 m/s | 99.8% |
| Vihtavuori N133 | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,116 bar | 51% | 656 m/s | 98.4% |
| Vihtavuori N135 | <<locked>> | 80% | 1,776 bar | 43% | 643 m/s | 97.2% |
| Vihtavuori N140 | <<locked>> | 82% | 1,987 bar | 48% | 657 m/s | 95.6% |
| Vihtavuori N150 | <<locked>> | 96% | 2,455 bar | 59% | 707 m/s | 95.5% |
| Vihtavuori N530 | <<locked>> | 86% | 2,574 bar | 62% | 711 m/s | 95.5% |
| Vihtavuori N540 | <<locked>> | 84% | 2,024 bar | 49% | 665 m/s | 95.2% |
| Winchester 748 | 35.8 gr | 2.32 g | 84% | 2,332 bar | 56% | 706 m/s | 95.2% |
| Winchester StaBALL Match | <<locked>> | 92% | 2,763 bar | 67% | 740 m/s | 95.4% |
Empfohlen = eines der besten Pulver für diese Patronen-Geschoss-Kombination.
ᴾ mögliche Presslast - steigern Sie sich langsam zu dieser Ladung und achten Sie dabei auf Anzeichen von übermäßigem Druck.
<<locked>> Sie benötigen eine Zugangslizenz, um diese Daten freizuschalten.
Diese Übersicht vergleicht 95 Pulver für das Kaliber .308 Win. mit dem Geschoss .308 | 165gr | SUS-TAC HP. Die höchste Mündungsgeschwindigkeit erreicht ReloadSwiss RS 52 mit 816 m/s; über alle Pulver hinweg liegt das Fenster zwischen 464 m/s und 816 m/s bei Maximallast. Den besten Hülsenfüllgrad liefert Accurate 2495 mit 100 %, und 95 der 95 Pulver liegen im gut nutzbaren Bereich von 80 bis 100 %.
Bezogen auf den zulässigen Höchstdruck des Kalibers (415 MPa) nutzen die Maximallasten 50 bis 90 % aus — es bleiben also mindestens 10 % Reserve. Für das 165,0 gr schwere Geschoss im Kaliber 0.308" wird ein Drall von 1:11.0 empfohlen — langsamere Dralle stabilisieren dieses Gewicht in der Regel nicht. Accurate 2495, Accurate 4064, ADI AR 2208 erreichen bei Maximallast 100 % Füllgrad oder mehr — diese Ladungen sind komprimiert, lassen sich nur mit langem Trichter oder Schüttfülltrichter sauber einfüllen und reagieren empfindlich auf die Hülsenkapazität deiner Charge. Ganz oben stehen Hodgdon CFE223, Alliant Power Pro 1200-R, Winchester 748: Diese Pulver verbinden für .308 Win. mit .308 | 165gr | SUS-TAC HP einen hohen Füllgrad mit vollständigem Abbrand und liegen bei der Mündungsgeschwindigkeit im oberen Feld. Als Ausreißer verbrennen Alliant Reloder-17, Hodgdon H380, IMR 4166 Enduron unvollständig und reagieren empfindlicher auf Lauflänge und Temperatur. Beginne immer bei der Startlast und arbeite dich in kleinen Schritten nach oben, während du Hülse und Zünder auf Druckzeichen prüfst.