Ladedaten-Spezifikationen
Ladedaten für Kaliber .30-06 Spring. mit Geschoss .308 | 145gr | Prvi Partizan FMJ BT und 86 Pulvers. Die wichtigsten zugrunde liegenden Parameter sind in der obigen Tabelle dargestellt. Die empfohlenen Pulver für diese Patronen-Geschoss-Kombination sind Alliant Power Pro 2000-MR, ReloadSwiss RS 60 und ReloadSwiss RS 52.
Wichtiger Hinweis: Gehen Sie NICHT unter die Mindestladung oder über die Maximalladung. Da wir keine Kontrolle über die verwendete Ausrüstung und Komponenten haben, wird jegliche Verantwortung und Haftung für die erzielten Ergebnisse abgelehnt.
Es werden nur Pulver/Ladungen angezeigt, die den aktuellen Filterkriterien entsprechen: Maximaldruck einer Ladung ≤ 90% des standardisierten Maximaldrucks, Ladedichte ≥ 80% und Pulverabbrand ≥ 95%. Verwenden Sie die Schieberegler oberhalb der Tabellen, um diese Schwellenwerte anzupassen.
Ladung: Pulvergewicht in Grain. Beginnen Sie mit der Mindestladung und steigern Sie diese vorsichtig.
FR (Ladedichte): Hülsenfüllung in Prozent. Werte über 100% bedeuten komprimierte Ladungen.
MaxP / %: Maximaler Kammerdruck in bar sowie als Prozentsatz des standardisierten Maximums für dieses Kaliber.
V(0): Mündungsgeschwindigkeit in Fuß pro Sekunde (fps) bei standardisierter Lauflänge.
z (Pulverabbrand): Geschätzter Pulverabbrand in Prozent beim Austritt des Geschosses.
Für die Verwendung des personalisierten Ladungsrechners ist eine gültige Zugriffslizenz erforderlich.
Weitere Informationen finden Sie in unseren FAQ: Wie kann ich den personalisierten Ladungsrechner verwenden?
Maximallast - Lauflänge: 61.0 cm
| Pulver | Ladung | FR | MaxP | % | V(0) | z |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Accurate 2015 | <<locked>> | 88% | 3,624 bar | 89% | 864 m/s | 100% |
| Accurate 2460 | <<locked>> | 84% | 3,511 bar | 87% | 869 m/s | 100% |
| Accurate 2495 | <<locked>> | 92% | 3,446 bar | 85% | 867 m/s | 100% |
| Accurate 2520 | <<locked>> | 88% | 3,607 bar | 89% | 886 m/s | 100% |
| Accurate 4064 | <<locked>> | 96% | 3,654 bar | 90% | 893 m/s | 100% |
| Accurate 4350ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 3,116 bar | 77% | 872 m/s | 96.2% |
| Accurate LT-30 | <<locked>> | 82% | 3,609 bar | 89% | 848 m/s | 100% |
| Accurate LT-32 | <<locked>> | 82% | 3,635 bar | 90% | 854 m/s | 100% |
| ADI AR 2206H | <<locked>> | 90% | 3,570 bar | 88% | 888 m/s | 98.7% |
| ADI AR 2208 | <<locked>> | 96% | 3,635 bar | 90% | 885 m/s | 98.2% |
| ADI AR 2219 | <<locked>> | 82% | 3,642 bar | 90% | 884 m/s | 100% |
| ADI Benchmark 8208 | <<locked>> | 88% | 3,518 bar | 87% | 875 m/s | 99.3% |
| Alliant AR-Comp | <<locked>> | 88% | 3,483 bar | 86% | 873 m/s | 100% |
| Alliant Power Pro 1200-R | <<locked>> | 84% | 3,596 bar | 89% | 906 m/s | 99.1% |
| Alliant Power Pro 2000-MR | <<locked>> | 92% | 3,504 bar | 87% | 915 m/s | 97.8% |
| Alliant Reloder- TS 15.5 | <<locked>> | 96% | 3,571 bar | 88% | 892 m/s | 99.3% |
| Alliant Reloder-10x | <<locked>> | 84% | 3,616 bar | 89% | 868 m/s | 100% |
| Alliant Reloder-15 | <<locked>> | 94% | 3,620 bar | 89% | 897 m/s | 98.4% |
| Alliant Reloder-16ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 3,123 bar | 77% | 873 m/s | 96.2% |
| Alliant Reloder-17ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 3,617 bar | 89% | 924 m/s | 99.2% |
| Baschieri & Pellagri 106 | <<locked>> | 82% | 3,549 bar | 88% | 845 m/s | 100% |
| Baschieri & Pellagri 107 | <<locked>> | 90% | 3,541 bar | 87% | 889 m/s | 97.7% |
| Bofors RP3 | <<locked>> | 96% | 3,592 bar | 89% | 896 m/s | 99.4% |
| Hodgdon Benchmark | <<locked>> | 88% | 3,662 bar | 90% | 872 m/s | 99.8% |
| Hodgdon BL-C2 | <<locked>> | 90% | 3,659 bar | 90% | 899 m/s | 99.8% |
| Hodgdon CFE223 | <<locked>> | 86% | 3,525 bar | 87% | 908 m/s | 98.2% |
| Hodgdon H322 | <<locked>> | 84% | 3,557 bar | 88% | 878 m/s | 100% |
| Hodgdon H335 | <<locked>> | 84% | 3,626 bar | 90% | 885 m/s | 100% |
| Hodgdon H380 | <<locked>> | 94% | 3,461 bar | 85% | 880 m/s | 96.7% |
| Hodgdon H4895 | <<locked>> | 90% | 3,604 bar | 89% | 892 m/s | 99.1% |
| Hodgdon Hybrid 100Vᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 2,852 bar | 70% | 838 m/s | 96.9% |
| Hodgdon LEVERevolution | <<locked>> | 92% | 3,481 bar | 86% | 898 m/s | 99.2% |
| Hodgdon TrailBossᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 2,383 bar | 59% | 548 m/s | 100% |
| Hodgdon VARGET | <<locked>> | 90% | 3,471 bar | 86% | 876 m/s | 98.8% |
| IMR 3031 | <<locked>> | 90% | 3,522 bar | 87% | 890 m/s | 100% |
| IMR 4064 | <<locked>> | 94% | 3,599 bar | 89% | 881 m/s | 98.3% |
| IMR 4198 | <<locked>> | 84% | 3,654 bar | 90% | 858 m/s | 100% |
| IMR 4895 | <<locked>> | 92% | 3,490 bar | 86% | 892 m/s | 98.6% |
| IMR 8208 XBR | <<locked>> | 88% | 3,518 bar | 87% | 875 m/s | 99.3% |
| Lovex D073.5 | <<locked>> | 84% | 3,506 bar | 87% | 870 m/s | 99.7% |
| Lovex D073.6 | <<locked>> | 90% | 3,478 bar | 86% | 880 m/s | 99.9% |
| Lovex S060 | <<locked>> | 90% | 3,599 bar | 89% | 868 m/s | 98.7% |
| Lovex S062 | <<locked>> | 94% | 3,555 bar | 88% | 881 m/s | 99.5% |
| Lovex S065ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 3,488 bar | 86% | 873 m/s | 95.9% |
| Norma 201 | <<locked>> | 90% | 3,474 bar | 86% | 871 m/s | 99.3% |
| Norma 202 | <<locked>> | 90% | 3,495 bar | 86% | 875 m/s | 100% |
| Norma 203B | <<locked>> | 94% | 3,561 bar | 88% | 893 m/s | 98.7% |
| Norma URPᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 3,117 bar | 77% | 870 m/s | 96.1% |
| Ramshot Big Game | <<locked>> | 94% | 3,583 bar | 88% | 900 m/s | 98.6% |
| Ramshot TAC | <<locked>> | 88% | 3,546 bar | 88% | 875 m/s | 96.3% |
| Ramshot Wild Boar | <<locked>> | 88% | 3,494 bar | 86% | 883 m/s | 98.5% |
| Ramshot X-Terminator | <<locked>> | 86% | 3,611 bar | 89% | 875 m/s | 98.6% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 14ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 2,389 bar | 59% | 560 m/s | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 40 | <<locked>> | 84% | 3,503 bar | 86% | 872 m/s | 99.9% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 52 | <<locked>> | 92% | 3,595 bar | 89% | 916 m/s | 98.3% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 60 | <<locked>> | 98% | 3,610 bar | 89% | 928 m/s | 100% |
| Rottweil R 901 | <<locked>> | 88% | 3,560 bar | 88% | 871 m/s | 100% |
| Rottweil R 902 | <<locked>> | 92% | 3,507 bar | 87% | 871 m/s | 99.3% |
| Rottweil R 903 | <<locked>> | 98% | 3,563 bar | 88% | 891 m/s | 99.1% |
| Shooters World Long Rifleᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 3,488 bar | 86% | 873 m/s | 95.9% |
| Shooters World Match Rifle | <<locked>> | 90% | 3,478 bar | 86% | 880 m/s | 99.9% |
| Shooters World Precision | <<locked>> | 94% | 3,555 bar | 88% | 881 m/s | 99.5% |
| Shooters World Tactical Rifle | <<locked>> | 82% | 3,471 bar | 86% | 860 m/s | 99% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 11 | <<locked>> | 96% | 3,469 bar | 86% | 894 m/s | 98.4% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 3 | <<locked>> | 82% | 3,450 bar | 85% | 859 m/s | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 7 | <<locked>> | 90% | 3,653 bar | 90% | 884 m/s | 97.1% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 9 | <<locked>> | 90% | 3,449 bar | 85% | 876 m/s | 98.4% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 3000 | <<locked>> | 90% | 3,637 bar | 90% | 859 m/s | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 5000 | <<locked>> | 96% | 3,598 bar | 89% | 857 m/s | 100% |
| Somchem S321 | <<locked>> | 86% | 3,589 bar | 89% | 885 m/s | 99.6% |
| Somchem S335 | <<locked>> | 90% | 3,559 bar | 88% | 858 m/s | 100% |
| Somchem S341 | <<locked>> | 90% | 3,619 bar | 89% | 883 m/s | 98.7% |
| Somchem S355 | <<locked>> | 98% | 3,616 bar | 89% | 892 m/s | 99.1% |
| Somchem S365ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 2,788 bar | 69% | 854 m/s | 98.2% |
| Vihtavuori N130 | <<locked>> | 86% | 3,619 bar | 89% | 852 m/s | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N133 | <<locked>> | 90% | 3,630 bar | 90% | 857 m/s | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N135 | <<locked>> | 94% | 3,651 bar | 90% | 879 m/s | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N140 | <<locked>> | 92% | 3,527 bar | 87% | 869 m/s | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N150 | <<locked>> | 98% | 3,486 bar | 86% | 871 m/s | 99.6% |
| Vihtavuori N160ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 3,300 bar | 81% | 871 m/s | 96.6% |
| Vihtavuori N530 | <<locked>> | 88% | 3,557 bar | 88% | 875 m/s | 99.4% |
| Vihtavuori N540 | <<locked>> | 94% | 3,641 bar | 90% | 881 m/s | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N550ᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 3,229 bar | 80% | 872 m/s | 96.2% |
| Winchester 6.5 StaBALLᴾ | <<locked>> | 100% | 3,389 bar | 84% | 868 m/s | 98.7% |
| Winchester 748 | <<locked>> | 88% | 3,491 bar | 86% | 889 m/s | 99.7% |
| Winchester StaBALL Match | <<locked>> | 90% | 3,412 bar | 84% | 879 m/s | 98.8% |
Empfohlen = eines der besten Pulver für diese Patronen-Geschoss-Kombination.
Startladung - Lauflänge: 61.0 cm
| Pulver | Ladung | FR | MaxP | % | V(0) | z |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Accurate 2015 | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,815 bar | 70% | 806 m/s | 100% |
| Accurate 2460 | <<locked>> | 80% | 3,067 bar | 76% | 836 m/s | 99.7% |
| Accurate 2495 | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,302 bar | 57% | 775 m/s | 99.8% |
| Accurate 2520 | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,735 bar | 68% | 819 m/s | 98.9% |
| Accurate 4064 | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,178 bar | 54% | 767 m/s | 97.8% |
| Accurate 4350 | <<locked>> | 98% | 2,891 bar | 71% | 852 m/s | 95.3% |
| Accurate LT-30 | <<locked>> | 80% | 3,394 bar | 84% | 833 m/s | 100% |
| Accurate LT-32 | <<locked>> | 80% | 3,419 bar | 84% | 839 m/s | 99.9% |
| ADI AR 2206H | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,587 bar | 64% | 803 m/s | 95.3% |
| ADI AR 2208 | <<locked>> | 88% | 2,833 bar | 70% | 820 m/s | 95.6% |
| ADI AR 2219 | <<locked>> | 80% | 3,397 bar | 84% | 867 m/s | 100% |
| ADI Benchmark 8208 | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,726 bar | 67% | 809 m/s | 97.3% |
| Alliant AR-Comp | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,643 bar | 65% | 813 m/s | 100% |
| Alliant Power Pro 1200-R | <<locked>> | 80% | 3,146 bar | 78% | 871 m/s | 98.1% |
| Alliant Power Pro 2000-MR | 52.4 gr | 3.40 g | 86% | 2,868 bar | 71% | 857 m/s | 95.2% |
| Alliant Reloder- TS 15.5 | <<locked>> | 84% | 2,430 bar | 60% | 793 m/s | 95.7% |
| Alliant Reloder-10x | <<locked>> | 80% | 3,191 bar | 79% | 838 m/s | 100% |
| Alliant Reloder-15 | <<locked>> | 86% | 2,815 bar | 70% | 831 m/s | 95.8% |
| Alliant Reloder-16 | <<locked>> | 98% | 2,941 bar | 73% | 856 m/s | 95.4% |
| Alliant Reloder-17 | <<locked>> | 90% | 2,586 bar | 64% | 831 m/s | 95.6% |
| Baschieri & Pellagri 106 | <<locked>> | 80% | 3,334 bar | 82% | 831 m/s | 100% |
| Baschieri & Pellagri 107 | <<locked>> | 84% | 2,887 bar | 71% | 835 m/s | 95.4% |
| Bofors RP3 | <<locked>> | 84% | 2,385 bar | 59% | 792 m/s | 95.6% |
| Hodgdon Benchmark | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,871 bar | 71% | 810 m/s | 98.3% |
| Hodgdon BL-C2 | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,599 bar | 64% | 812 m/s | 97.5% |
| Hodgdon CFE223 | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,858 bar | 71% | 852 m/s | 95.9% |
| Hodgdon H322 | <<locked>> | 80% | 3,114 bar | 77% | 846 m/s | 100% |
| Hodgdon H335 | <<locked>> | 80% | 3,169 bar | 78% | 852 m/s | 99.9% |
| Hodgdon H380 | <<locked>> | 90% | 3,036 bar | 75% | 846 m/s | 95.2% |
| Hodgdon H4895 | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,606 bar | 64% | 807 m/s | 96.1% |
| Hodgdon Hybrid 100V | <<locked>> | 96% | 2,516 bar | 62% | 805 m/s | 95.3% |
| Hodgdon LEVERevolution | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,338 bar | 58% | 793 m/s | 95.1% |
| Hodgdon TrailBoss | <<locked>> | 80% | 1,761 bar | 43% | 489 m/s | 100% |
| Hodgdon VARGET | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,518 bar | 62% | 793 m/s | 95.6% |
| IMR 3031 | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,528 bar | 62% | 811 m/s | 99.8% |
| IMR 4064 | <<locked>> | 86% | 2,795 bar | 69% | 815 m/s | 95.7% |
| IMR 4198 | <<locked>> | 80% | 3,239 bar | 80% | 830 m/s | 100% |
| IMR 4895 | <<locked>> | 82% | 2,529 bar | 62% | 807 m/s | 95.1% |
| IMR 8208 XBR | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,726 bar | 67% | 809 m/s | 97.3% |
| Lovex D073.5 | <<locked>> | 80% | 3,064 bar | 76% | 837 m/s | 99.1% |
| Lovex D073.6 | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,470 bar | 61% | 797 m/s | 98% |
| Lovex S060 | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,650 bar | 65% | 789 m/s | 95.7% |
| Lovex S062 | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,292 bar | 57% | 769 m/s | 95.4% |
| Lovex S065 | <<locked>> | 98% | 3,281 bar | 81% | 857 m/s | 95.1% |
| Norma 201 | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,539 bar | 63% | 791 m/s | 96.6% |
| Norma 202 | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,543 bar | 63% | 796 m/s | 98.8% |
| Norma 203B | <<locked>> | 84% | 2,587 bar | 64% | 810 m/s | 95.4% |
| Norma URP | <<locked>> | 98% | 2,924 bar | 72% | 853 m/s | 95.2% |
| Ramshot Big Game | <<locked>> | 86% | 2,746 bar | 68% | 830 m/s | 95.8% |
| Ramshot TAC | <<locked>> | 86% | 3,327 bar | 82% | 858 m/s | 95.5% |
| Ramshot Wild Boar | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,666 bar | 66% | 813 m/s | 95.6% |
| Ramshot X-Terminator | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,961 bar | 73% | 823 m/s | 96.7% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 14 | <<locked>> | 80% | 1,775 bar | 44% | 501 m/s | 100% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 40 | <<locked>> | 80% | 3,063 bar | 76% | 838 m/s | 99.3% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 52 | 49.6 gr | 3.21 g | 84% | 2,731 bar | 67% | 843 m/s | 95.3% |
| ReloadSwiss RS 60 | 49.2 gr | 3.19 g | 82% | 2,122 bar | 52% | 779 m/s | 95.2% |
| Rottweil R 901 | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,792 bar | 69% | 810 m/s | 99.2% |
| Rottweil R 902 | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,421 bar | 60% | 776 m/s | 96% |
| Rottweil R 903 | <<locked>> | 86% | 2,394 bar | 59% | 791 m/s | 95.2% |
| Shooters World Long Rifle | <<locked>> | 98% | 3,281 bar | 81% | 857 m/s | 95.1% |
| Shooters World Match Rifle | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,470 bar | 61% | 797 m/s | 98% |
| Shooters World Precision | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,292 bar | 57% | 769 m/s | 95.4% |
| Shooters World Tactical Rifle | <<locked>> | 80% | 3,245 bar | 80% | 843 m/s | 98.6% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 11 | <<locked>> | 88% | 2,660 bar | 66% | 824 m/s | 95.5% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 3 | <<locked>> | 80% | 3,233 bar | 80% | 844 m/s | 100% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 7 | <<locked>> | 86% | 3,172 bar | 78% | 848 m/s | 95.6% |
| SNPE Vectan SP 9 | <<locked>> | 82% | 2,665 bar | 66% | 809 m/s | 95.7% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 3000 | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,652 bar | 65% | 783 m/s | 99% |
| SNPE Vectan Tubal 5000 | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,172 bar | 54% | 740 m/s | 98.3% |
| Somchem S321 | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,926 bar | 72% | 833 m/s | 98.3% |
| Somchem S335 | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,618 bar | 65% | 784 m/s | 99.4% |
| Somchem S341 | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,561 bar | 63% | 796 m/s | 95% |
| Somchem S355 | <<locked>> | 86% | 2,477 bar | 61% | 795 m/s | 95.4% |
| Somchem S365 | <<locked>> | 94% | 2,290 bar | 57% | 800 m/s | 95.7% |
| Vihtavuori N130 | <<locked>> | 80% | 3,007 bar | 74% | 809 m/s | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N133 | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,656 bar | 66% | 785 m/s | 100% |
| Vihtavuori N135 | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,328 bar | 57% | 776 m/s | 99.8% |
| Vihtavuori N140 | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,398 bar | 59% | 776 m/s | 98.6% |
| Vihtavuori N150 | <<locked>> | 84% | 2,210 bar | 55% | 760 m/s | 95.6% |
| Vihtavuori N160 | <<locked>> | 96% | 2,897 bar | 72% | 838 m/s | 95% |
| Vihtavuori N530 | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,718 bar | 67% | 807 m/s | 97.4% |
| Vihtavuori N540 | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,310 bar | 57% | 771 m/s | 97.8% |
| Vihtavuori N550 | <<locked>> | 98% | 3,015 bar | 74% | 854 m/s | 95.3% |
| Winchester 6.5 StaBALL | <<locked>> | 92% | 2,601 bar | 64% | 799 m/s | 95.8% |
| Winchester 748 | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,651 bar | 65% | 819 m/s | 98% |
| Winchester StaBALL Match | <<locked>> | 80% | 2,433 bar | 60% | 792 m/s | 95.3% |
Empfohlen = eines der besten Pulver für diese Patronen-Geschoss-Kombination.
ᴾ mögliche Presslast - steigern Sie sich langsam zu dieser Ladung und achten Sie dabei auf Anzeichen von übermäßigem Druck.
<<locked>> Sie benötigen eine Zugangslizenz, um diese Daten freizuschalten.
Diese Übersicht vergleicht 86 Pulver für das Kaliber .30-06 Spring. mit dem Geschoss .308 | 145gr | Prvi Partizan FMJ BT. Die höchste Mündungsgeschwindigkeit erreicht ReloadSwiss RS 60 mit 928 m/s; über alle Pulver hinweg liegt das Fenster zwischen 548 m/s und 928 m/s bei Maximallast. Den besten Hülsenfüllgrad liefert Accurate 4350 mit 100 %, und 86 der 86 Pulver liegen im gut nutzbaren Bereich von 80 bis 100 %.
Bezogen auf den zulässigen Höchstdruck des Kalibers (405 MPa) nutzen die Maximallasten 59 bis 90 % aus — es bleiben also mindestens 10 % Reserve. Für das 145,0 gr schwere Geschoss im Kaliber 0.308" wird ein Drall von 1:14.0 empfohlen — langsamere Dralle stabilisieren dieses Gewicht in der Regel nicht. Accurate 4350, Alliant Reloder-16, Alliant Reloder-17 erreichen bei Maximallast 100 % Füllgrad oder mehr — diese Ladungen sind komprimiert, lassen sich nur mit langem Trichter oder Schüttfülltrichter sauber einfüllen und reagieren empfindlich auf die Hülsenkapazität deiner Charge. Ganz oben stehen Alliant Power Pro 2000-MR, ReloadSwiss RS 60, ReloadSwiss RS 52: Diese Pulver verbinden für .30-06 Spring. mit .308 | 145gr | Prvi Partizan FMJ BT einen hohen Füllgrad mit vollständigem Abbrand und liegen bei der Mündungsgeschwindigkeit im oberen Feld. Beginne immer bei der Startlast und arbeite dich in kleinen Schritten nach oben, während du Hülse und Zünder auf Druckzeichen prüfst.